核爆电磁脉冲

核爆电磁脉冲（英文：Nuclear electromagnetic pulse，缩写：NEMP）是核爆炸时产生的电磁脉冲。它会导致剧烈的磁场和电场变化，从而对电子设备造成严重破坏。在高空爆炸的核弹可制造高空核爆电磁脉冲（HEMP）。

历史

在早期核试验中人们已经知道核爆可以产生电磁脉冲，但对其威力并无直观感觉^[1]。由于恩里科·费米的提醒，1945年7月16日美国及世界上第一次核试验三位一体核试中实验方对电子设备做了提前保护、隔离^[2]。在1958年4月28日的硬饼干一号行动中人类首次观测到核爆电磁脉冲的效果^[3]，1962年7月美国“星海一号” 的高空核试验中核爆电磁脉冲的威力再次得到确认。这场核试验中美方在太平洋中心上空400千米（250英里）处引爆了一颗144万吨核弹，结果导致1,445千米（898英里）外的夏威夷300盏街灯熄灭，破坏了一个微波中继器并触发了多个警报器^[4]。由于当时夏威夷电子基础设施建设比美国本土要强，这场电磁脉冲的影响可能还被弱化了一些，如损坏的街灯只占夏威夷街路灯总数的百分之一到三^[5]。这些破坏之后得到了迅速的修复^[6]。1981年威廉·布洛德在《科学》杂志上发布了三篇论文，使得核爆电磁脉冲的影响进一步为人所周知^[1][7][8]。

参考文献

1. Broad, William J. "Nuclear Pulse (I): Awakening to the Chaos Factor", Science. 29 May 1981 212: 1009–1012
2. Bainbridge, K.T., (Report LA-6300-H), Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. May 1976. p. 53 Trinity （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
3. Defense Atomic Support Agency. 23 September 1959. "Operation Hardtack Preliminary Report. Technical Summary of Military Effects. Report ADA369152". pp. 346–350. [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
4. Vittitoe, Charles N., "Did High-Altitude EMP Cause the Hawaiian Streetlight Incident?" Sandia National Laboratories. June 1989. [2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
5. Rabinowitz, Mario (1987) "Effect of the Fast Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse on the Electric Power Grid Nationwide: A Different View". IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, PWRD-2, 1199–1222

   arXiv:physics/0307127
6. Theoretical Notes – Note 353, March 1985, "EMP on Honolulu from the Starfish Event" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Conrad L. Longmire – Mission Research Corporation
7. Broad, William J. "Nuclear Pulse (II): Ensuring Delivery of the Doomsday Signal", Science. 5 June 1981 212: 1116–1120
8. Broad, William J. "Nuclear Pulse (III): Playing a Wild Card", Science. 12 June 1981 212: 1248–1251

•  本条目引用的公有领域材料来自联邦总务署的文档《Federal Standard 1037C》 （MIL-STD-188（英语：MIL-STD-188）提供支持）。
• Vladimir Gurevich "Cyber and Electromagnetic Threats in Modern Relay Protection" - CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), Boca Raton – New York – London, 2014, 222 p.
• Vladimir Gurevich "Protection of Substation Critical Equipment Against Intentional Electromagnetic Threats" - Wiley, London, 2016, 300 p.

扩展阅读

• ISBN 978-1-59-248389-1 A 21st Century Complete Guide to Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack Threats, Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic ... High-Altitude Nuclear Weapon EMP Attacks (CD-ROM)
• ISBN 978-0-16-056127-6 Threat posed by electromagnetic pulse (EMP) to U.S. military systems and civil infrastructure: Hearing before the Military Research and Development Subcommittee - first session, hearing held July 16, 1997 (Unknown Binding)
• ISBN 978-0-471-01403-4 Electromagnetic Pulse Radiation and Protective Techniques
• ISBN 978-0-16-080927-9 Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack

外部链接

• Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J. The Effects of Nuclear Weapons. United States Department of Defense. 1977. （原始内容存档于2009-08-21）.
• GlobalSecurity.org – Electromagnetic Pulse: From chaos to a manageable solution （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and Tempest Protection for Facilities – U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
• EMP data from Starfish nuclear test measured by Richard Wakefield of LANL, and review of evidence pertaining to the effects 1,300 km away in Hawaii, also review of Russian EMP tests of 1962 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding HEMP
• MIL-STD-188-125-1
• How E-Bombs Work （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• NEMP and Nuclear plant