相变材料

相变材料（英语：phase change material，缩写为：PCM）是指在相变时放出或吸收大量热，以达到加热或降温作用的物质。通常情况下，该物质将在液态和固态间进行转变，但也可以在非传统状态间进行转变，例如从一种结晶态转变为能量更高或更低的另一种结晶态。

Thumb — 图为乙酸钠加热垫（英语：heating pad），当乙酸钠溶液晶化时，放出大量热。

加热垫晶化放热视频

相变材料物质状态改变时所需的熔化热通常远大于其显热（英语：sensible heat），相变温度（PCT）附近融化和凝固时，相变材料可以储存和释放巨大的能量。例如，冰融化成水的熔化热为333.55 J/g，即一克冰需要吸收333.55 J热量才能融化成水。然而一克水吸收4.18 J热量温度升高1度。因此水/冰是一种非常有用的相变材料，自阿契美尼德王朝开始人们就用它在冬天释放热量，在夏天给房子降温。

相变材料可按组成物质种类进行分类。有机相变材料通常从石油、植物或动物上提取，水合盐相变材料通常由海水或矿物中提取。还有一类是固体转变为固体的相变材料。他们在生活中有着广泛的应用，加热垫、电话配电箱冷却和服饰制造等都可以看到相变材料的身影。

特性和分类

液体→固体、固体→液体、固体→气体和液体→气体的变化过程均可储存潜热，但只有液体→固体和固体→液体变化过程较为现实。尽管液体→气体过程中转换的热量更多，但是气态体积较大，存储需要高压，不易于使用。固态→固态的转变速度十分缓慢，转换的热量相对较少。

固态-液态相变材料在达到相变温度前，其特性与显热（英语：sensible heat）储存材料相似，吸收热量的同时温度逐渐上升。但是当到达相变温度（熔点）时，开始大量吸收热量，但是温度保持不变，材料完全融化后，温度继续上升。当液态材料所处环境温度下降时便开始凝固，释放其所储存的潜热。各种相变材料可供选择，−5到190 °C之间任意相变温度均有对应。^[1]而在20-30 °C人体舒适温度范围内，有些材料潜热吸收十分高效，可以达到200 kJ/kg，与之对应的石料的热容一般为1 kJ/kg.°C，因此保持相同温度时每千克材料吸收的热量是石料的200倍。^[2]水的比热容为4.21 kJ/kg.°C，该材料存储密度为水的12.5倍至50倍之间。

有机相变材料

碳氢化合物，主要是石蜡(C_nH_2n+2)和脂质类物质，也有一种是糖醇。^[3]^[4]^[5]

优点
- 凝固时没有过冷效应
- 能够一致地融化
- 自成核性质
- 与常规结构材料相容性好
- 没有隔离
- 化学性质稳定
- 安全、无反应
缺点
- 固态导热系数低，冷冻过程中需要保持高传热率。已发现的发现纳米复合材料可有效将热导率提高216％^[6]^[7]
- 体积潜热储存容量可能较低
- 易燃，置于专门的容器中可以有效隔离。

非有机相变材料

水合盐 (M_xN_yH₂O) ^[8]

优点
- 体积潜热储存容量高
- 易于获取，成本低
- 高熔点
- 热传导率高
- 熔化热高
- 不可燃
缺点
- 融化不一致，容易出现相位分离^[9]
- 对大多数材料有腐蚀性^[10]^[11]^[12]可以封装在不与之反应的塑料内克服
- 某些混合物体积变化很大
- 固态到液态转变过程中出现的过冷现象是个麻烦，需要使用成核剂，反复使用后可能不再起作用

应用

应用领域^[1]^[17]包括并不局限于：

储热（英语：Thermal energy storage）
太阳能锅
冷能电池（英语：Cold Energy Battery）
建筑温控
发动机和电机降温
制冷：食物、饮料、咖啡、葡萄酒、奶制品、温室
延缓表面凝霜^[16]
医疗器械：血液运输、操作台、热治疗、新生儿窒息治疗^[14]
笨重的衣服或服装下的人体冷却.
废热回收
错峰（英语：Off-peak）电力利用：加热、冷却水
热泵系统
被动存储绿色建筑(HDPE（英语：High-density polyethylene）、石蜡)
缓和化学反应放热过程中的温度峰值
太阳能发电站
航天器温控系统
车辆热舒适性
电子仪器温度保险丝
服装用纺织品
电脑硬件冷却
带有热能储存功能的的涡轮机入风口冷却
热带地区的电信设备保护

参见

热导管

Raoux, S. Phase Change Materials. Annual Review of Materials Research. 2009, 39: 25–48. Bibcode:2009AnRMS..39...25R. doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-082908-145405.
Phase Change Matters （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (industry blog)

参考资料

[1]
Kenisarin, M; Mahkamov, K. Solar energy storage using phase change materials. Renewable and Sustainable –1965. 2007, 11 (9): 1913–1965. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2006.05.005.
[2]
Sharma, Atul; Tyagi, V.V.; Chen, C.R.; Buddhi, D. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2009, 13 (2): 318–345. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2007.10.005.
[3]
"Heat storage systems" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (PDF) by Mary Anne White, brings a list of advantages and disadvantages of Paraffin heat storage. A more complete list can be found in AccessScience （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） website from McGraw-Hill, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.YB020415, last modified: March 25, 2002 based on 'Latent heat storage in concrete II, Solar Energy Materials, Hawes DW, Banu D, Feldman D, 1990, 21, pp.61–80.
[4]
Floros, Michael C.; Kaller, Kayden L. C.; Poopalam, Kosheela D.; Narine, Suresh S. Lipid derived diamide phase change materials for high temperature thermal energy storage. Solar Energy. 2016-12-01, 139: 23–28. Bibcode:2016SoEn..139...23F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.09.032.
[5]
Agyenim, Francis; Eames, Philip; Smyth, Mervyn. Experimental study on the melting and solidification behaviour of a medium temperature phase change storage material (Erythritol) system augmented with fins to power a LiBr/H2O absorption cooling system. Renewable Energy. 2011-01-01, 36 (1): 108–117. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.06.005.
[6]
Fleishcher, A.S. Improved heat recovery from paraffn-based phase change materials due to the presence of percolating graphene networks. Improved Heat Recovery from Paraffn-based Phase Change Materials Due to the Presence of Percolating Graphene Networks. 2014, 79: 324–333.
[7]
(2015). Thermal energy storage using phase change materials: fundamentals and applications. Springer
[8]
Phase Change Energy Solutions https://id.elsevier.com/as/authorization.oauth2?platSite=SD%2Fscience&scope=openid+email+profile+els_auth_info+urn%3Acom%3Aelsevier%3Aidp%3Apolicy%3Aproduct%3Ainst_assoc&response_type=code&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fuser%2Fidentity%2Flanding&authType=SINGLE_SIGN_IN&prompt=none&client_id=SDFE-v3&state=retryCounter%3D0%26csrfToken%3D7b73d88c-a46a-4ce5-8a58-7a21b367a560%26idpPolicy%3Durn%253Acom%253Aelsevier%253Aidp%253Apolicy%253Aproduct%253Ainst_assoc%26returnUrl%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.sciencedirect.com%252Ftopics%252Fengineering%252Fsalt-hydrate%26prompt%3Dnone%26cid%3Dtpp-9ec8e252-5eaf-44ce-a8d4-838d9800b9b3. [February 28, 2018]. 缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
[9]
Cantor, S. DSC study of melting and solidification of salt hydrates. Thermochimica Acta. 1978, 26 (1–3): 39–47 [2020-06-27]. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(78)80055-0. （原始内容存档于2021-03-11）.
[10]
olé, A.; Miró, L.; Barreneche, C.; Martorell, I.; Cabeza, L.F. Corrosion of metals and salt hydrates used for thermochemical energy storage. Renewable Energy. 2015, 75: 519–523. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.09.059.^{[失效链接]}
[11]
A. Sharma; V. Tyagi; C. Chen; D. Buddhi. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. February 2009, 13 (2): 318–345. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2007.10.005.
[12]
Sharma, Someshower Dutt; Kitano, Hiroaki; Sagara, Kazunobu. Phase Change Materials for Low Temperature Solar Thermal Applications (PDF). Res. Rep. Fac. Eng. Mie Univ. 2004, 29: 31–64 [2020-06-27]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-06-27）.
[13]
Infinite R™. Insolcorp, Inc. [2017-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-02）.
[14]
Aravind, Indulekha; Kumar, KP Narayana. How two low-cost, made-in-India innovations MiraCradle & Embrace Nest are helping save the lives of newborns. timesofindia-economictimes. 2015-08-02 [2020-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20）.
[15]
MiraCradle - Neonate Cooler. [2022-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-11）.
[16]
Chatterjee, Rukmava; Beysens, Daniel; Anand, Sushant. Delaying Ice and Frost Formation Using Phase-Switching Liquids. Advanced Materials. 2019, 0 (17): 1807812. ISSN 1521-4095. PMID 30873685. doi:10.1002/adma.201807812  （英语）.
[17]
Omer, A. Renewable building energy systems and passive human comfort solutions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2008, 12 (6): 1562–1587. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2006.07.010.

来源

PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL (PCM) BASED ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS AND GLOBAL APPLICATION EXAMPLES

Zafer URE M.Sc., C.Eng. MASHRAE HVAC Applications （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

Phase Change Material Based Passive Cooling Systems Design Principal and Global Application Examples

Zafer URE M.Sc., C.Eng. MASHRAE Passive Cooling Application （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[Kenisarin-1] [1]
Kenisarin, M; Mahkamov, K. Solar energy storage using phase change materials. Renewable and Sustainable –1965. 2007, 11 (9): 1913–1965. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2006.05.005.

[2] [2]
Sharma, Atul; Tyagi, V.V.; Chen, C.R.; Buddhi, D. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2009, 13 (2): 318–345. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2007.10.005.

[3] [3]
"Heat storage systems" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (PDF) by Mary Anne White, brings a list of advantages and disadvantages of Paraffin heat storage. A more complete list can be found in AccessScience （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） website from McGraw-Hill, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.YB020415, last modified: March 25, 2002 based on 'Latent heat storage in concrete II, Solar Energy Materials, Hawes DW, Banu D, Feldman D, 1990, 21, pp.61–80.

[4] [4]
Floros, Michael C.; Kaller, Kayden L. C.; Poopalam, Kosheela D.; Narine, Suresh S. Lipid derived diamide phase change materials for high temperature thermal energy storage. Solar Energy. 2016-12-01, 139: 23–28. Bibcode:2016SoEn..139...23F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.09.032.

[5] [5]
Agyenim, Francis; Eames, Philip; Smyth, Mervyn. Experimental study on the melting and solidification behaviour of a medium temperature phase change storage material (Erythritol) system augmented with fins to power a LiBr/H2O absorption cooling system. Renewable Energy. 2011-01-01, 36 (1): 108–117. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.06.005.

[6] [6]
Fleishcher, A.S. Improved heat recovery from paraffn-based phase change materials due to the presence of percolating graphene networks. Improved Heat Recovery from Paraffn-based Phase Change Materials Due to the Presence of Percolating Graphene Networks. 2014, 79: 324–333.

[7] [7]
(2015). Thermal energy storage using phase change materials: fundamentals and applications. Springer

[8] [8]
Phase Change Energy Solutions https://id.elsevier.com/as/authorization.oauth2?platSite=SD%2Fscience&scope=openid+email+profile+els_auth_info+urn%3Acom%3Aelsevier%3Aidp%3Apolicy%3Aproduct%3Ainst_assoc&response_type=code&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fuser%2Fidentity%2Flanding&authType=SINGLE_SIGN_IN&prompt=none&client_id=SDFE-v3&state=retryCounter%3D0%26csrfToken%3D7b73d88c-a46a-4ce5-8a58-7a21b367a560%26idpPolicy%3Durn%253Acom%253Aelsevier%253Aidp%253Apolicy%253Aproduct%253Ainst_assoc%26returnUrl%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.sciencedirect.com%252Ftopics%252Fengineering%252Fsalt-hydrate%26prompt%3Dnone%26cid%3Dtpp-9ec8e252-5eaf-44ce-a8d4-838d9800b9b3. [February 28, 2018]. 缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)

[9] [9]
Cantor, S. DSC study of melting and solidification of salt hydrates. Thermochimica Acta. 1978, 26 (1–3): 39–47 [2020-06-27]. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(78)80055-0. （原始内容存档于2021-03-11）.

[10] [10]
olé, A.; Miró, L.; Barreneche, C.; Martorell, I.; Cabeza, L.F. Corrosion of metals and salt hydrates used for thermochemical energy storage. Renewable Energy. 2015, 75: 519–523. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.09.059.^{[失效链接]}

[11] [11]
A. Sharma; V. Tyagi; C. Chen; D. Buddhi. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. February 2009, 13 (2): 318–345. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2007.10.005.

[12] [12]
Sharma, Someshower Dutt; Kitano, Hiroaki; Sagara, Kazunobu. Phase Change Materials for Low Temperature Solar Thermal Applications (PDF). Res. Rep. Fac. Eng. Mie Univ. 2004, 29: 31–64 [2020-06-27]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-06-27）.

[13] [13]
Infinite R™. Insolcorp, Inc. [2017-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-02）.

[economictimes.indiatimes.com-14] [14]
Aravind, Indulekha; Kumar, KP Narayana. How two low-cost, made-in-India innovations MiraCradle & Embrace Nest are helping save the lives of newborns. timesofindia-economictimes. 2015-08-02 [2020-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-20）.

[15] [15]
MiraCradle - Neonate Cooler. [2022-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-11）.

[#1-16] [16]
Chatterjee, Rukmava; Beysens, Daniel; Anand, Sushant. Delaying Ice and Frost Formation Using Phase-Switching Liquids. Advanced Materials. 2019, 0 (17): 1807812. ISSN 1521-4095. PMID 30873685. doi:10.1002/adma.201807812  （英语）.

[17] [17]
Omer, A. Renewable building energy systems and passive human comfort solutions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2008, 12 (6): 1562–1587. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2006.07.010.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]