窗烷

窗烷是一种有机化合物，属烷烃类，其中心结构是由一个碳原子的四个共价键延伸出4个共边的碳氢环（稠碳氢环）^[1]，状如窗户而得名，可以看成是一类螺烷烃。于1972年由化学家Vlasios Georgian和Martin Saltzman^[2]提出，其英文名字Fenestrane来自拉丁文的“窗户”。

Thumb — 窗烷，从左至右为：一般结构、[4,4,4,4]窗烷、[5,5,5,5]窗烷

概要

正常情况下，中心碳原子的sp³杂化导致其共价键呈正四面体结构。窗烷的四环构型则需要这些共价键更倾向于平面结构，因此不容易合成。

理论上，最小的窗烷包含4个3员环（环丙烷），称为[3,3,3,3]窗烷。下一个成员[4,4,4,4]窗烷包含四个稠合的环丁烷体系，如同窗户一般。

命名窗烷时，只需要将各环中碳原子数目数出，以逗号相隔，并用方括号括起来，后面接上“窗烷”就可以了。窗烷也有系统命名，如[4,4,4,4]窗烷的系统命名是：四环[3.3.1.0^3,9.0^7,9]壬烷。

在某些极端情况下正四面体结构的碳彻底变成平面四边形结构。平面四边形甲烷的分子轨道图像表明，三个sp²杂化轨道中的两个轨道分别与两个氢原子成普通的σ键，第三个杂化轨道与两个剩余的氢原子成三中心两电子键，仅利用两个氢的电子。而碳的两个未成对电子则被挤进垂直的p轨道。由于共振，四个碳氢键是完全等同的。电脑模拟表明完成这样的过程需要95-250kcal/mol的能量。

张力很大的[4,4,4,5]窗烷已被合成出来。X射线衍射表明中心碳原子键角大约为130°，并且键长较短（149pm于普通的159pm）。

第一个合成的窗烷是[4,5,5,6]窗烷^[3]：

氮杂[4,5,5,5]窗烷也于最近被合成出来，以便结晶被X射线衍射分析^[4]^[5]。

氟硼酸盐中 N-C-C 键角为126°。

另见

名称独特的化学物质列表

参考资料

[1]
（Eng.）Fenestranes and the flattening of tetrahedral carbon Bhaskar Rao Venepalli and William C. Agosta Chem. Rev.; 1987; 87(2) pp 399 - 410; DOI:10.1021/cr00078a007
[2]
（Eng.）Syntheses directed toward saturated “flat” carbon Vlasios Georgian Martin Saltzman Tetrahedron Letters Volume 13, Issue 42 , 1972, Pages 4315-4317 DOI:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)94304-7
[3]
（Eng.）The first step in this reaction sequence is an adaptation of the Stork enamine alkylation reacting cyclopentanone with 3-bromo-1-butene through an imine derivative with pyrrolidine and forming a magnesium salt with ethyl magnesium bromide. The next step is a regular Stork enamine reaction followed by an aldol condensation forming the cyclohexenone ring. The final step is a photolytic [2+2]cycloaddition.
[4]
（Eng.）Synthesis, X-ray Crystallography, and Computational Analysis of 1-Azafenestranes Scott E. Denmark, Justin I. Montgomery, and Laurenz A. Kramps J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2006; 128(35) pp 11620 - 11630; (Article) DOI:10.1021/ja0632759
[5]
（Eng.）In step 1 the alkyl halide 1-iodo-3-butene 1 is converted to a cyanozinc cuprate 2 (by transmetalation of the organozinc iodide with copper cyanide) which reacts in the next step with 1-nitro-cyclopentene 3 in a nucleophilic addition whereby the nitronate 4 is captured by phenylselenenyl bromide to the selenium intermediate 5. Hydrogen peroxide oxidation of 5 yields the nitroalkene 6 as a mixture of syn and anti isomers. A [4+2]cycloaddition with n-butyl-enol ether in presence of trimethyl aluminum gives the nitronate 7 and a second [3+2]cycloaddition by heating in presence of potassium carbonate gives the nitroso acetal 8. Hydrogenation with Raney nickel gives the diol 9 which on a double Mitsunobu reaction (with an amine proton donor) gives the azafenestrane 10 as the borane salt.

[1] [1]
（Eng.）Fenestranes and the flattening of tetrahedral carbon Bhaskar Rao Venepalli and William C. Agosta Chem. Rev.; 1987; 87(2) pp 399 - 410; DOI:10.1021/cr00078a007

[2] [2]
（Eng.）Syntheses directed toward saturated “flat” carbon Vlasios Georgian Martin Saltzman Tetrahedron Letters Volume 13, Issue 42 , 1972, Pages 4315-4317 DOI:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)94304-7

[3] [3]
（Eng.）The first step in this reaction sequence is an adaptation of the Stork enamine alkylation reacting cyclopentanone with 3-bromo-1-butene through an imine derivative with pyrrolidine and forming a magnesium salt with ethyl magnesium bromide. The next step is a regular Stork enamine reaction followed by an aldol condensation forming the cyclohexenone ring. The final step is a photolytic [2+2]cycloaddition.

[4] [4]
（Eng.）Synthesis, X-ray Crystallography, and Computational Analysis of 1-Azafenestranes Scott E. Denmark, Justin I. Montgomery, and Laurenz A. Kramps J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2006; 128(35) pp 11620 - 11630; (Article) DOI:10.1021/ja0632759

[5] [5]
（Eng.）In step 1 the alkyl halide 1-iodo-3-butene 1 is converted to a cyanozinc cuprate 2 (by transmetalation of the organozinc iodide with copper cyanide) which reacts in the next step with 1-nitro-cyclopentene 3 in a nucleophilic addition whereby the nitronate 4 is captured by phenylselenenyl bromide to the selenium intermediate 5. Hydrogen peroxide oxidation of 5 yields the nitroalkene 6 as a mixture of syn and anti isomers. A [4+2]cycloaddition with n-butyl-enol ether in presence of trimethyl aluminum gives the nitronate 7 and a second [3+2]cycloaddition by heating in presence of potassium carbonate gives the nitroso acetal 8. Hydrogenation with Raney nickel gives the diol 9 which on a double Mitsunobu reaction (with an amine proton donor) gives the azafenestrane 10 as the borane salt.

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[5]