蒙古野驴

蒙古野驴
保护状况
	; 近危（IUCN 3.1）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：	奇蹄目 Perissodactyla
科：	马科 Equidae
属：	马属 Equus
种：	亚洲野驴 E. hemionus
亚种：	蒙古野驴 E. h. hemionus
三名法
	Equus hemionus hemionus; Pallas, 1775
异名
	Equus hemonius luteus

蒙古野驴（Equus hemionus hemionus，蒙古语：ᠬᠤᠯᠠᠨ，西里尔字母：хулан），或称戈壁野驴，是亚洲野驴的一个亚种。^[2]牠们分布在蒙古及中国北方，以往亦曾在哈萨克出没，但因猎杀而在当地灭绝了。^[3]

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蒙古野驴的分布地于1990年代大大的减少。于1994年至1997年估计就有33000-63000只蒙古野驴，分布在差不多整个蒙古南部。^[4]但到了2003年就只有约20000只，分布在蒙古南部的17万平方公里。^[5]虽然所有资料都非正式统计^[6]^[7]，但肯定牠们在过去70年就已失去了50%的分布地。

蒙古野驴的数量下降是因被烹吃及与其他家畜争食所致，并被列为濒危物种。^[1]自1953年起，牠们在蒙古就已经全面受到保护。牠们被列在《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录二中。^[8]但是，由于人类人口膨涨及严冬的气候^[9]，牠们与牧民之间的争竞就更为激烈。

蒙古野驴被烹吃的问题日益严重。在一些地区，牠们的肉是很廉价。单于2005年的问卷调查，就显示每年有多达4500匹蒙古野驴被烹吃，即总数量的20%。再者于1990年代初，政策容许城市居民回归为游牧民族，引发野外地区的人口及家畜暴增。^[10]^[11]^[12]

参考

[1]
Kaczensky, P., Lkhagvasuren, B., Pereladova, O., Hemami, M. & Bouskila, A. Equus hemionus ssp. hemionus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. [2018年7月19日].
[2]
Oakenfull EA, Lim HN and Ryder AO. A survey of equid mitochondrial DNA: Implications for the evolution, genetic diversity and conservation of Equus. Cons Genet. 2000, 1: 341–355.
[3]
Clark, B. and Duncan, P. Asian Wild Asses - Hemiones and Kiangs (E. hemionus Pallas and E. kiang Moorcroft). P. Duncan (ed.) (编). Zebras, Asses, and Horses. An Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. 1992: 17–21.
[4]
Reading, R. P., H. M. Mix, B. Lhagvasuren, C. Feh, D. P. Kane, S. Dulamtseren, and S. Enkhbold. Status and distribution of khulan (Equus hemionus) in Mongolia. Journal of Zoology, London. 2001, 254: 381–389.
[5]
Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment. Status and distribution of the khulan in Mongolia in 2003. Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 2003.
[6]
Buckland, S.T., D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, J.L. Laake, D.L. Borchers and L. Thomas. Introduction to Distance Sampling. Oxford UK and New York USA: Oxford University Press. 2001: 432.
[7]
Kaczensky P. and C. Walzer. Przewalski horses, wolves and khulans in Mongolia. Bi-annual progress reports. 2002a, 2002b, 2003a, 2003b [2022-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-01）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
[8]
CMS 2002. Convention on Migratory Species. Appendix II. 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2006-05-13.
[9]
United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defence and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. DZUD 2000-Mongolia: An evolving ecological, social and economic disaster: A rapid needs assessment report. United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defence and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. 2000.
[10]
Fernandez-Gimenez, M. E. Sustaining the Steppes: A Geographical History of Pastoral Land Use in Mongolia. Geographical Revue. 1999, 89 (3): 315–342.
[11]
Bedunah, D. J. and S. M. Schmidt. Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia's Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park. Development and Change. 2004, 35 (1): 167–191.
[12]
Mearns, R., D. Shombodon, G. Narangerel, U. Tuul, A. Enkhamgalan, B. Myagmarzhav, A. Bayanjargal, and B. Bekhsuren. Natural resource mapping and seasonal variations and stresses in Mongolia. RRA Notes. 1994, 20: 95–105.

[iucn-1] [1]
Kaczensky, P., Lkhagvasuren, B., Pereladova, O., Hemami, M. & Bouskila, A. Equus hemionus ssp. hemionus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. [2018年7月19日].

[oakenfull2000-2] [2]
Oakenfull EA, Lim HN and Ryder AO. A survey of equid mitochondrial DNA: Implications for the evolution, genetic diversity and conservation of Equus. Cons Genet. 2000, 1: 341–355.

[3] [3]
Clark, B. and Duncan, P. Asian Wild Asses - Hemiones and Kiangs (E. hemionus Pallas and E. kiang Moorcroft). P. Duncan (ed.) (编). Zebras, Asses, and Horses. An Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. 1992: 17–21.

[4] [4]
Reading, R. P., H. M. Mix, B. Lhagvasuren, C. Feh, D. P. Kane, S. Dulamtseren, and S. Enkhbold. Status and distribution of khulan (Equus hemionus) in Mongolia. Journal of Zoology, London. 2001, 254: 381–389.

[5] [5]
Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment. Status and distribution of the khulan in Mongolia in 2003. Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 2003.

[6] [6]
Buckland, S.T., D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, J.L. Laake, D.L. Borchers and L. Thomas. Introduction to Distance Sampling. Oxford UK and New York USA: Oxford University Press. 2001: 432.

[7] [7]
Kaczensky P. and C. Walzer. Przewalski horses, wolves and khulans in Mongolia. Bi-annual progress reports. 2002a, 2002b, 2003a, 2003b [2022-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-01）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[8] [8]
CMS 2002. Convention on Migratory Species. Appendix II. 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2006-05-13.

[9] [9]
United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defence and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. DZUD 2000-Mongolia: An evolving ecological, social and economic disaster: A rapid needs assessment report. United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defence and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. 2000.

[10] [10]
Fernandez-Gimenez, M. E. Sustaining the Steppes: A Geographical History of Pastoral Land Use in Mongolia. Geographical Revue. 1999, 89 (3): 315–342.

[11] [11]
Bedunah, D. J. and S. M. Schmidt. Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia's Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park. Development and Change. 2004, 35 (1): 167–191.

[12] [12]
Mearns, R., D. Shombodon, G. Narangerel, U. Tuul, A. Enkhamgalan, B. Myagmarzhav, A. Bayanjargal, and B. Bekhsuren. Natural resource mapping and seasonal variations and stresses in Mongolia. RRA Notes. 1994, 20: 95–105.

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