西班牙舰队
维基百科,自由的百科全书
格瑞福兰海战 | |||||||
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英西战争的一部分 | |||||||
1588年8月,西班牙无敌舰队和英国战舰,佚名 | |||||||
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参战方 | |||||||
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指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
埃芬厄姆的霍华德伯爵 约翰·霍金斯 法兰西斯·德雷克爵士 |
麦地那西多尼亚公爵 亚历桑德罗·法尔内塞 | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
34艘战船[3] 163艘武装商船 (30艘200吨级以上)[3] 30艘快速平底船 |
22艘西班牙和葡萄牙加利恩帆船 108艘武装商船[4] | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||
格瑞福兰海战: 50–100人死亡[5] 400人受伤 8艘火船烧毁[6] 战病死: 6,000-8,000死亡 |
格瑞福兰海战: 超过600人死亡 800人受伤[7] 397人被俘 5艘船沉没或被缴[8] 风暴/疾病 51艘船失事行踪不明 10艘船失事沉没[9] 20,000人死亡[10] |
西班牙舰队(西班牙语:Grande y Felicísima Armada或Armada Invencible,即最幸运的舰队或不可击败的舰队、无敌舰队)为16世纪后期著名的海上舰队,是由西班牙国王腓力二世在1588年所派出,意图征服英格兰却失败的舰队。无敌舰队之役是英西战争中其中一个大型的战役,也是战争过程之中第一个侵略性攻击意图。这场战争同时也是英国历史中最有名的战争。在格瑞福兰海战(Battle of Gravelines)中,西班牙船舰被法兰西斯·德雷克所领导的英国海军用秘密武器即八艘火船击散。
无敌舰队约有150艘以上的大战舰,被英军击败时本想南退,却因刮起强大的南风而不可行,庞大的舰队只好随风北上[来源请求],最后绕过大不列颠岛及爱尔兰岛西岸回国时仅存43艘,由于损失百艘以上的大战舰及超过一万四千名士兵,从此国势鼎盛的西班牙停滞不前,英格兰则成为海上强权,开启了伊丽莎白一世的盛世。
简介
西班牙舰队有130艘船,真正具有战斗能力的盖伦帆船大约有20艘,另外有44艘武装商船、23艘圆船、22艘差船、13艘轻帆船、4艘中船和4艘长船,人员总计三万多人,陆军约一万九千人,总吨位57868吨。战术是以抢登敌船为主(英国则以火炮远距离攻击)。
格瑞福兰海战
1588年7月西多尼亚公爵乘坐“圣马丁号”,率领西班牙舰队向英国海域出发,舰队刚出港口就受到大西洋风暴的猛袭。7月21日舰队驶进英吉利海峡,22日凌晨英国舰队顺风向西班牙舰队发动攻击。此时英国长程火炮比西班牙多出三倍,炮火空前猛烈,“格兰格林号”丧失战斗力。
23日黎明,西多尼亚公爵发动反击,英舰“凯旋号”突围而去。28日晚间英国舰队发动火攻。7月29日西班牙舰队决定回国,剩下的西班牙船舰只乘着风势向北逃亡,英舰紧追不放,不断以炮火攻击西班牙舰队,后来又在海上遇上了大风暴。
战争起因
1587年英国女王伊丽莎白处死了信奉天主教的原苏格兰女王玛丽,罗马教皇颁布诏书,号召对英国进行圣战。西班牙对英宣战,扩编了海上舰队,命名为“最幸运的无敌舰队”,向英国进发。
战争过程
因西班牙舰队装备的大多是短射程、威力大的加农炮,英格兰舰队使用的却是射程较长、威力较低的长重炮,因此英格兰舰队在攻击时总是能保持安全的距离,当时双方主要使用的火炮有三种:加农炮、长重炮、皮里尔(射石炮,已过时),此外,西班牙舰队总共还有其他多种的杀人火炮。
组织
西班牙采用的战术是纵向发射,西班牙在舰队上有许多武装士兵,还有神父,近距离时采登船作战与冲撞;而英国有优秀的炮手,采用舷侧发射战术,并以其较长射程,避开与西舰的登船作战,事实上被西军击中的只有两艘,且没有任何一艘英格兰军舰被击沉。
海权的极限
1588年10月回到西班牙时剩下43艘破船,几乎全军覆没。西班牙舰队的失败宣告西班牙海权的极限,无法控制北海地区,但是西班牙却从失败中学到教训,在西班牙珍宝船队配备长重炮,有效反抗英国海盗船的劫掠。1596年英国海军大将德雷克,在偷袭西班牙殖民地失败后,因为负伤和痢疾,不治而亡。之后英西战争更是朝不利于英国发展,最后在1604年结束。一百多年后的1704年,获得荷兰资本的英国海军,终于攻占了西班牙南面的直布罗陀,使得西班牙本土受到威胁。
参见
注释
- ^ Whiting pg. 237-8
- ^ Parker pg. 245
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker,The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, p. 40.
- ^ Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker,The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, pp.10, 13, 19, 26.
- ^ Lewis, Michael.The Spanish Armada, New York: T.Y. Crowell Co., 1968, p. 184.
- ^ John Knox Laughton,State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588, printed for the Navy Records Society, MDCCCXCV, Vol. II, pp. 8–9, Wynter to Walsyngham: indicates that the ships used as fire-ships were drawn from those at hand in the fleet and not hulks from Dover.
- ^ Lewis, p. 182.
- ^ Aubrey N. Newman, David T. Johnson, P.M. Jones (1985) The Eighteenth Century Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature 69 (1), 108 doi:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698.
- ^ Lewis p. 208
- ^ Lewis p. 208-9
参考文献
- Corbett, Julian S. Drake and the Tudor Navy: With a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power (1898) online edition vol 1; also online edition vol 2
- Cruikshank, Dan: Invasion: Defending Britain from Attack, Boxtree Ltd, 2002 ISBN 0-7522-2029-2
- Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588. (1988). 336 pp.
- Froude, James Anthony. The Spanish Story of the Armada, and Other Essays (1899), by a leading historian of the 1890s full text online
- Kilfeather T.P: Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada, Anvil Books Ltd, 1967
- Knerr, Douglas. "Through the "Golden Mist": a Brief Overview of Armada Historiography." American Neptune 1989 49(1): 5–13. Issn: 0003-0155
- Konstam, Angus. The Spanish Armada: The Great Enterprise against England 1588 (2009)
- Lewis, Michael. The Spanish Armada, New York: T.Y. Crowell Co., 1968.
- McDermott, James. England and the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel (2005) excerpt and text search
- Martin, Colin, and Geoffrey Parker. The Spanish Armada (2nd ed. 2002), 320pp by leading scholars; uses archaeological studies of some of its wrecked ships excerpt and text search
- Martin, Colin (with appendices by Wignall, Sydney: Full Fathom Five: Wrecks of the Spanish Armada (with appendices by Sydney Wignall), Viking, 1975
- Mattingly, Garrett. The Armada (1959). the classic narrative excerpt and text search
- Parker, Geoffrey. "Why the Armada Failed." History Today 1988 38(may): 26–33. Issn: 0018-2753. Summary by leadfing historian.
- Pierson, Peter. Commander of the Armada: The Seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia. (1989). 304 pp.
- Rasor, Eugene L. The Spanish Armada of 1588: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. (1992). 277 pp.
- Rodger, N. A. M. The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649 vol 1 (1999) 691pp; excerpt and text search
- Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J. and Adams, Simon, eds. England, Spain, and the Gran Armada, 1585–1604 (1991) 308 pp.
- Thompson, I. A. A. "The Appointment of the Duke of Medina Sidonia to the Command of the Spanish Armada", The Historical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2. (1969), pp. 197–216. in JSTOR
- Alcalá-Zamora, José N. (2004). La empresa de Inglaterra: (la "Armada invencible" : fabulación y realidad). Taravilla: Real Academia de la Historia ISBN 978-84-95983-37-4
一般研究[编辑]
- The Confident Hope of a Miracle. The True History of the Spanish Armada, by Neil Hanson, Knopf (2003), ISBN 1-4000-4294-1.
- Holmes, Richard. The Oxford Campanion to Military History. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-860696-3
- From Merciless Invaders: The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Alexander McKee, Souvenir Press, London, 1963. Second edition, Grafton Books, London, 1988.
- The Spanish Armadas, Winston Graham, Dorset Press, New York, 1972.
- Mariner's Mirror, Geoffrey Parker, 'The Dreadnought Revolution of Tudor England', 82 (1996): pp. 269–300.
- The Spanish Armada, Michael Lewis (1960). First published Batsford, 1960 – republished Pan, 1966
- Armada: A Celebration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588–1988 (1988) ISBN 0-575-03729-6
- England and the Spanish Armada (1990) ISBN 0-7317-0127-5
- The Enterprise of England (1988) ISBN 0-86299-476-4
- The Return of the Armadas: the Later Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595–1603, RB Wernham ISBN 0-19-820443-4
- The Voyage of the Armada: The Spanish Story, David Howarth (1981) ISBN 0-00-211575-1
- T.P.Kilfeather Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada (Anvil Books, 1967)
- Winston Graham The Spanish Armadas (1972; reprint 2001) ISBN 0-14-139020-4
- Historic Bourne etc., J.J. Davies (1909)
外部链接
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维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:西班牙舰队 |
- Top 10 myths and muddles about the Spanish Armada, history’s most confused and misunderstood battle. Wes Ulm, Harvard University
- The Defeat of the Spanish Armada. Insight into the context, personalities, planning and consequences. Wes Ulm
- English translation of Francisco de Cuellar's account of his service in the Armada and on the run in Ireland
- Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada – a learning resource and teachers notes from the British Library
- The story of the Armada battles with pictures from the House of Lords tapestries
- BBC-ZDF etc. TV coproduction Natural History of Europe
- Discovery Civilization Battlefield Detectives – What Sank The Armada?
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