酪氨酸酶

酪氨酸酶
识别号
别名	；tyrosinasemonophenol oxygenasemonophenol oxidasemonophenolasemonophenoldihydroxy-L-phenylalanine oxygen oxidoreductasemonophenol monooxidasepolyaromatic oxidasemonophenol,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductaseL-tyrosine monooxygenasemonophenol dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductaseN-acetyl-6-hydroxytryptophan oxidasetyrosine-dopa oxidasepolyphenolase
外部ID	GeneCards：[1]
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酪氨酸酶（英语：Tyrosinase）是一种氧化酶，且是调控黑色素生成的限速酶。这种酶参与黑色素合成的两个反应：第一步将单酚羟基化为二酚，第二步将邻二酚氧化为邻二醌。邻二醌再经过几步反应后就变为黑色素^[1]。酪氨酸酶是一种含铜的酶，存在于植物与动物组织中，催化生成由酪氨酸氧化而来的黑色素以及其它色素，如使剥皮或切片的马铃薯暴露在空气中变黑^[2]。在皮肤黑素细胞的黑色素体中能发现酪氨酸酶。在人类基因组中，酪氨酸酶由 TYR 基因编码^[3]。

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临床意义

基因突变会导致酪氨酸酶受损，从而引发I型眼皮肤型白化病（英语：oculocutaneous albinism），这是一种遗传性疾病，发病率为两万分之一。^[4]

酪氨酸酶活性非常重要。如果在黑色素合成过程中酪氨酸酶活性无法控制，就会导致黑色素合成增加。降低酪氨酸酶活性已成为改善或预防与皮肤色素过度沉着有关的疾病，如黄褐斑和老人斑。^[5]

抑制剂

已知的酪氨酸酶抑制剂如下：^[6]

应用

在亚洲，浅肤色象征著年轻漂亮。化妆品公司因而想办法让美白产品抑制酪氨酸酶活性，从而减少色素过度沉着，同时避免给健康的黑素细胞带来细胞毒性（英语：hyperpigmentation）。^[7]

参考文献

[1]
Kumar CM, Sathisha UV, Dharmesh S, Rao AG, Singh SA. Interaction of sesamol (3,4-methylenedioxyphenol) with tyrosinase and its effect on melanin synthesis. Biochimie. Mar 2011, 93 (3): 562–9. PMID 21144881. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.11.014.
[2]
Stevens LH, Davelaar E, Kolb RM, Pennings EJ, Smit NP. Tyrosine and cysteine are substrates for blackspot synthesis in potato. Phytochemistry. 1998, 49 (3): 703–707 [2019-03-04]. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00207-6. （原始内容存档于2017-05-10）.
[3]
Barton DE, Kwon BS, Francke U. Human tyrosinase gene, mapped to chromosome 11 (q14----q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7. Genomics. Jul 1988, 3 (1): 17–24. PMID 3146546. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(88)90153-X.
[4]
Witkop CJ. Albinism: hematologic-storage disease, susceptibility to skin cancer, and optic neuronal defects shared in all types of oculocutaneous and ocular albinism. The Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences. Oct 1979, 16 (4): 327–30. PMID 546241.
[5]
Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M, Hearing VJ. Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Apr 2007, 127 (4): 751–61. PMID 17218941. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700683 .
[6]
Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. December 2017, 32 (1): 403–425. PMC 6010116 . PMID 28097901. doi:10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882.
[7]
Qian, W., Liu, W., Zhu, D., Cao, Y., Tang, A., Gong, G., Su, H."Natural skin‑whitening compounds for the treatment of melanogenesis (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.1 (2020): 173-185.

外部链接

[pmid21144881-1] [1]
Kumar CM, Sathisha UV, Dharmesh S, Rao AG, Singh SA. Interaction of sesamol (3,4-methylenedioxyphenol) with tyrosinase and its effect on melanin synthesis. Biochimie. Mar 2011, 93 (3): 562–9. PMID 21144881. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.11.014.

[2] [2]
Stevens LH, Davelaar E, Kolb RM, Pennings EJ, Smit NP. Tyrosine and cysteine are substrates for blackspot synthesis in potato. Phytochemistry. 1998, 49 (3): 703–707 [2019-03-04]. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00207-6. （原始内容存档于2017-05-10）.

[pmid3146546-3] [3]
Barton DE, Kwon BS, Francke U. Human tyrosinase gene, mapped to chromosome 11 (q14----q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7. Genomics. Jul 1988, 3 (1): 17–24. PMID 3146546. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(88)90153-X.

[pmid546241-4] [4]
Witkop CJ. Albinism: hematologic-storage disease, susceptibility to skin cancer, and optic neuronal defects shared in all types of oculocutaneous and ocular albinism. The Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences. Oct 1979, 16 (4): 327–30. PMID 546241.

[5] [5]
Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M, Hearing VJ. Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Apr 2007, 127 (4): 751–61. PMID 17218941. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700683 .

[6] [6]
Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. December 2017, 32 (1): 403–425. PMC 6010116 . PMID 28097901. doi:10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882.

[7] [7]
Qian, W., Liu, W., Zhu, D., Cao, Y., Tang, A., Gong, G., Su, H."Natural skin‑whitening compounds for the treatment of melanogenesis (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.1 (2020): 173-185.

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