马克西穆斯竞技场

马克西穆斯竞技场
Circus Maximus
马克西穆斯竞技场; Circus Maximus
基本信息
位置	意大利罗马市
坐标	41.8859°N 12.4857°E
详细规格
长度	621米（2,037英尺）
宽度	118米（387英尺）
地图

马克西穆斯竞技场（意大利语：Circo Massimo，拉丁语：Circus Maximus，意为“最大竞技场”）是一个古罗马竞技场，位于意大利罗马市，坐落于阿文提诺山与帕拉蒂尼山之间。马克西穆斯竞技场是古罗马时代第一个竞技场，也是最大的一座。马克西穆斯竞技场长621米（2,037英尺），宽118米（387英尺），可以容纳150,000人^[1]。马克西穆斯竞技场也是古罗马时代建造竞技场的典范。东南端有马克西穆斯竞技场博物馆，可参观。

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古罗马时代

在古罗马著名的历史学家蒂托·李维巨作《罗马史》中，描述伊特拉斯坎文明的罗马国王曾经计划在竞技场高处建造王座，以供罗马骑士阶级与贵族来使用。罗马王政时代第七任君主卢修斯·塔克文·苏佩布则在低处为平民设置座位。除此之外，直到罗马王国晚期，马克西穆斯竞技场很可能仍然小于附近农田的道路，虽然这些道路目前已经消失不见，但是竞技场内的木制座位因为容易毁坏，所以经常整修或重建。这些木制座位后来在罗马王政时代被石制座位所取代。

共和国时代

在公元前494年，独裁官马克西穆斯与其后裔获得权力在东南端设置高官座（curule sea），这里拥有观赏竞赛的绝佳视野^[2]。公元前190年，在监察官的命令之下，跑道两旁开始设置石制座位，以供元老院成员就坐^[3]。

公元前329年开始建造永久性的木造隔间，表面经过粉刷显得相当明亮^[4]，前面则有一个匝口，每一个匝口与中央竞技场的距离相当。理论上，竞技场可以容纳25组四马双轮战车并排使用。到了共和国时代晚期至帝国时代早期，马克西穆斯竞技场拥有12个隔间，而12组四马双轮战车可以同时在场上奔驰。人们可以对每个隔间进行投注，而不同的组别也用颜色区别出来^[5]。至少从公元前174年开始，人们使用卡斯特与巴勒克斯（Castor and Pollux）蛋雕像来预测马匹的骑士。公元前33年，巨大的铜制海豚形计数器被设置在竞技场中^[6]。

凯萨在公元前50年继续扩张马克西穆斯竞技场，将座位延伸至跑道范围内。当时马克西穆斯竞技场长621米（2,037英尺），宽118米（387英尺）。而跑道周围的水道遭到截断。历史学家并不知道马克西穆斯竞技场当时拥有多少座位，古罗马作家老普林尼认为有250,000个座位^[7]，但是这个数字不太可信，比较可能是150,000个座位。木制的露天看台于公元前31年被火焚毁^[8] 。

帝国时代

屋大维后来将公元前31年遭火焚毁的部分修复完成，部分材料取自屋大维耗费巨资从埃及赫里奥波里斯带回来的方尖碑，这些方尖碑是埃及人献给埃及太阳神的象征^[9]。形容马克西穆斯竞技场是罗马最美丽、最令人称羡的建筑。

可能是因为马克西穆斯竞技场拥有匝口的缘故，所以竞技场原本容易遭到水灾侵袭^[10]，直到克劳狄一世在竞技场设置防灾设施后才得以改善。因为竞技场的露天看台与工作房是木造建筑，所以容易遭受火灾侵袭。公元64年，马克西穆斯竞技场在尼禄统治时期遭遇到罗马大火，并造成严重的伤害。后来马克西穆斯竞技场重新修复完成后，仍然举行许多竞赛与庆典。

公元81年，元老院为了纪念提图斯，在马克西穆斯竞技场建造一座凯旋门，取代原本的凯旋门。图密善后来建造一座复合宫殿与马克西穆斯竞技场相连结。因为图密善喜欢观赏竞赛，所以他在遇刺之前，已经决定修缮马克西穆斯竞技场。在图拉真时代后，马克西穆斯竞技场并未有重大改变。一些皇帝于竞技场中设置一些纪念物，而卡拉卡拉则新建隔间的匝口^[11]。

罗马帝国之后

随着基督教成为罗马帝国的官方宗教，罗马人的传统竞技逐渐式微，马克西穆斯竞技场使用的机会也越来越少。最后一次于马克西穆斯竞技场举行斗兽活动是在523年，而东哥德国王巴杜伊拉（Baduila）于549年最后一次于马克西穆斯竞技场举办田径比赛^[12]。

12世纪时，一条水道建设完成，用来灌溉农田。到了1500年时，这个地区成为市集广场^[13]。

现状

马克西穆斯竞技场只有一小部分保存至今，包括跑道与中央栅栏的外围。一些匝口仍然存在，但是大部分的座位都已经消失了。教宗思道五世于1587年将方尖碑移到其他地方，其中一根目前位于人民广场。

马克西穆斯竞技场

Filippo Coarelli, Guide archéologique de Rome, 1991, p. 225-228 (ISBN 2-01-235428-9)
Jean-Paul Thuillier, Le Sport dans la Rome Antique, Paris, Errance, 1997
Humphrey, John, Roman circuses: arenas for chariot racing, University of California Press, 1986.^[14]

[1]
This is a modern recalculation of the seating capacity at the Circus, a substantial downward revision of Pliny the Elder's estimate of 250,000. For discussion see Humphrey, p. 216.
[2]
In the earliest exercise of the right, a curule chair would have been brought to the spot; its permanent positioning there is unlikely. See Humphrey, p. 61.
[3]
Livy has the plebs seated "promiscuously" (antea in promiscuo spectabant) up to then: see Humphrey, 70.
[4]
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 8.20.1
[5]
Humphrey, p. 171; the gates probably used the same animal-sinew torsion springing as the Roman ballista; Ibid, pp. 137 - 138: opposing teams of Reds and Whites are prominent in late Republican literature, and Greens and Blues in the Imperial era. Some Roman authors held that team-racing in multiple colours dated back to the regal era. Ibid, p. 175 for allocation of stalls by lottery.
[6]
Humphrey, pp. 261 - 5.
[7]
Filippo Coarelli, Guide archéologique de Rome, p. 224
[8]
Pliny the Elder's figure of 250,000 circus seats is unreliable; it ignores the necessary interruptions of seating rows by many access stairways and corridors. It might represent a per foot run seating estimate, or include those watching from the nearby heights, outside the building proper. In late Imperial regionary catalogues, seating estimates for the Circus become even wilder; one gives an impossible 450,000 seats. Discussion is in Humphrey, p. 126.
[9]
It was quarried and first dedicated in the reign of Seti I
[10]
The Ludi Martiales of AD 12 were temporarily transferred from the Circus, after a flood.
[11]
Humphrey, pp. 80, 102, 126 - 9. Some repairs were unforeseen and extensive, such as those carried out in Diocletian's reign, after the collapse of a substantial section of seating, which killed some 13,000 people.
[12]
Bowersock, G., Green, P., Grabar, O., Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World, Harvard University Press, 1999, p. 674; citing Procopius, The Gothic Wars, 3. 37. 4.[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） For the last known beast-hunt at the Circus, see Humphrey, p. 131. Humphrey describes the last known Circus event (549) as "games".
[13]
Partner, Peter, Renaissance Rome, 1500-1559: a portrait of a society, University of Claifornia Press, 1976, pp.4, 166.googlebooks preview （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
[14]
存档副本. [2012-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-14）.

三维重建马克西穆斯的竞技场（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - www.italyrome.info （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Circus Maximus Ipix 360° panorama
Circus Maximus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Art & History

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：马克西穆斯竞技场

[1] [1]
This is a modern recalculation of the seating capacity at the Circus, a substantial downward revision of Pliny the Elder's estimate of 250,000. For discussion see Humphrey, p. 216.

[2] [2]
In the earliest exercise of the right, a curule chair would have been brought to the spot; its permanent positioning there is unlikely. See Humphrey, p. 61.

[3] [3]
Livy has the plebs seated "promiscuously" (antea in promiscuo spectabant) up to then: see Humphrey, 70.

[4] [4]
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 8.20.1

[5] [5]
Humphrey, p. 171; the gates probably used the same animal-sinew torsion springing as the Roman ballista; Ibid, pp. 137 - 138: opposing teams of Reds and Whites are prominent in late Republican literature, and Greens and Blues in the Imperial era. Some Roman authors held that team-racing in multiple colours dated back to the regal era. Ibid, p. 175 for allocation of stalls by lottery.

[6] [6]
Humphrey, pp. 261 - 5.

[fc224-7] [7]
Filippo Coarelli, Guide archéologique de Rome, p. 224

[8] [8]
Pliny the Elder's figure of 250,000 circus seats is unreliable; it ignores the necessary interruptions of seating rows by many access stairways and corridors. It might represent a per foot run seating estimate, or include those watching from the nearby heights, outside the building proper. In late Imperial regionary catalogues, seating estimates for the Circus become even wilder; one gives an impossible 450,000 seats. Discussion is in Humphrey, p. 126.

[9] [9]
It was quarried and first dedicated in the reign of Seti I

[10] [10]
The Ludi Martiales of AD 12 were temporarily transferred from the Circus, after a flood.

[11] [11]
Humphrey, pp. 80, 102, 126 - 9. Some repairs were unforeseen and extensive, such as those carried out in Diocletian's reign, after the collapse of a substantial section of seating, which killed some 13,000 people.

[12] [12]
Bowersock, G., Green, P., Grabar, O., Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World, Harvard University Press, 1999, p. 674; citing Procopius, The Gothic Wars, 3. 37. 4.[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） For the last known beast-hunt at the Circus, see Humphrey, p. 131. Humphrey describes the last known Circus event (549) as "games".

[13] [13]
Partner, Peter, Renaissance Rome, 1500-1559: a portrait of a society, University of Claifornia Press, 1976, pp.4, 166.googlebooks preview （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[14] [14]
存档副本. [2012-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-14）.

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