海地克里奥尔语

海地克里奥尔语
海地克里奥尔语
Kreyòl ayisyen
发音	[kɣejɔl ajisjɛ̃]
母语国家和地区	海地，亦有分布在世界各地的海地裔人士使用
母语使用人数	1,200万人（2022年）
语系	克里奥尔语基于法语的克里奥尔语与皮钦语安的列斯克里奥尔语海地克里奥尔语; ; ;
官方地位
作为官方语言	海地
承认少数语言	巴哈马; 古巴; 多米尼加
管理机构	海地克里奥尔语学院（英语：Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen）
语言代码
ISO 639-1	ht
ISO 639-2	hat
ISO 639-3	hat
Glottolog	hait1244 Haitian
语言瞭望站	51-AAC-cb
IETF	ht
	本条目包含国际音标符号。部分操作系统及浏览器需要特殊字母与符号支持才能正确显示，否则可能显示为乱码、问号、空格等其它符号。

海地克里奥尔语（Kreyòl ayisyen [kɣejɔl ajisjɛ̃]^[5]^[6]），在当地又简称为克里奥尔语（Kreyòl [kɣejɔl]），是一种以法语为基础的克里奥尔语（英语：French-based creole languages），全世界约有1,000万至1,200万人使用。该语言是海地两种官方语言之一（另一种为法语），亦是当地大多数人的母语^[7]^[8]。移民海外的海地侨民约有35万人使用海地克里奥尔语，主要分布在加拿大、美国、法国，以及加勒比海诸国（当中尤其以多米尼加、古巴与巴哈马为最多）。

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海地克里奥尔语起源在17世纪至18世纪的大西洋奴隶贸易期间，法国定居者与被奴役的非洲人于法属圣多明戈（今海地）之间的接触，并随着当地人口族群及日后外来种族的影响而逐渐变成一种的独特的语言^[9]^[10]。海地克里奥尔语的词汇主要由18世纪的法语演变而来，其语法则类近西非的沃尔特-刚果语支（英语：Volta–Congo languages）（特别是丰语与伊博语）^[10]。此外，该语言亦受到西班牙语、英语、葡萄牙语、泰诺语（英语：Taíno language）（伊斯帕尼奥拉岛上原住民泰诺人所使用的语言），以及西非其他语言的影响^[11]。海地克里奥尔语拥有一套独特的语法，与标准法语之间无法互通。据一些来源指出，海地克里奥尔语是现今世界上众多克里奥尔语中使用人数最多的^[12]。不过，这说法存在一定争议，有部分来源声称尼日利亚皮钦语（一种以英语为基础的克里奥尔语（英语：English-based creole languages））的使用者人数比起讲海地克里奥尔语与其他以法语为基础的克里奥尔语的人还要多，特别是如果将非母语使用者计算在内的话。

参考文献

[1]
Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
[2]
Dufour, Fritz (编). Exploring the Possibilities for the Emergence of a Single and Global Native Language. Language Arts & Disciplines: 4. 2017 [11 October 2020].
[3]
Cérémonie de lancement d'un partenariat entre le Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Formation Professionnelle et l'Académie Créole. Port‑au‑Prince, Haiti: Government of the Republic of Haiti. 8 July 2015 [5 December 2015]. （原始内容存档于28 July 2015）（法语及海地克里奥尔语）.
[4]
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Haitian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
[5]
Faraclas, Nicholas; Spears, Arthur K.; Barrows, Elizabeth; Piñeiro, Mayra Cortes. II. Structure and Use §[[:Template:Nnbsp]]4. Orthography. Spears, Arthur K.; Joseph, Carole M. Berotte (编). The Haitian Creole Language: History, Structure, Use, and Education. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. 2012: 100 [1st pub. 2010]. ISBN 978-0-7391-7221-6. LCCN 2010015856. OCLC 838418590. 网址－维基内链冲突 (帮助)
[6]
Valdman, Albert. Creole: The National Language of Haiti. Footsteps. 2002, 2 (4): 36–39. （原始内容存档于13 July 2015）.
[7]
DeGraff, Michel; Ruggles, Molly. A Creole Solution for Haiti's Woes. The New York Times: A17. 1 August 2014. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于6 September 2015）. Under the 1987 Constitution, adopted after the overthrow of Jean‑Claude Duvalier’s dictatorship, [Haitian] Creole and French have been the two official languages, but most of the population speaks only Creole fluently.
[8]
Léonidas, Jean-Robert. Prétendus Créolismes: Le Couteau dans l'Igname [So‑Called Creolisms: The Knife in the Yam]. Montréal: Editions du CIDIHCA. 1995. ISBN 978-2-920862-97-5. LCCN 95207252. OCLC 34851284. OL 3160860W （法语）.
[9]
DeGraff, Michel. Kreyòl Ayisyen, or Haitian Creole ('Creole French') (PDF). Holm, John; Patrick, Peter L. (编). Comparative Creole Syntax: Parallel Outlines of 18 Creole Grammars. London: Battlebridge. 2007: 101–102. ISBN 978-1-903292-01-3. OCLC 192098910. OL 12266293M. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于31 July 2015）.
[10]
Seguin, Luisa. Transparency and Language Contact: The Case of Haitian Creole, French, and Fongbe. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 2020: 218–252.
[11]
Bonenfant, Jacques L. History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language (PDF). Review of Higher Education and Self-Learning. 2011, 3 (11). （原始内容存档 (PDF)于23 March 2015）.
[12]
Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie. Far from the Sun. The Story of French. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2008: 97 [1st pub. 2006]. ISBN 978-0-312-34184-8. LCCN 2006049348. OCLC 219563658. There are more speakers of French-based Creoles than all other Creoles combined (including English), thanks mostly to Haiti, the biggest Creole-speaking nation in the world...

延伸阅读

Degraff, Michel, Morphology in Creole genesis: Linguistics and ideology, Kenstowicz, Michael (编), Ken Hale: A life in language, Cambridge: MIT Press: 52–121, 2001
Degraff, Michel, Linguists' Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Creole Exceptionalism, Language in Society, 2005, 34 (4): 533–591
Fattier, Dominique, Contribution à l'étude de la genèse d'un créole: L'Atlas linguistique d'Haïti, cartes et commentaires (Dissertation), Language in Society (Université de Provence), 1998

外部链接

Haitain Creole materials from the Institute of Haitian Studies at the University of Kansas （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - Complete pdf versions of books created by Bryant C. Freeman, PhD, as well as the accompanying mp3 audio supplements.
HMBC - A website entirely in Haitian creole
Ann pale kreyòl （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - "Let's speak creole"（Haitian Creole complete course）

[NE100-1] [1]
Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin

[Dufour-2] [2]
Dufour, Fritz (编). Exploring the Possibilities for the Emergence of a Single and Global Native Language. Language Arts & Disciplines: 4. 2017 [11 October 2020].

[3] [3]
Cérémonie de lancement d'un partenariat entre le Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Formation Professionnelle et l'Académie Créole. Port‑au‑Prince, Haiti: Government of the Republic of Haiti. 8 July 2015 [5 December 2015]. （原始内容存档于28 July 2015）（法语及海地克里奥尔语）.

[Glottolog-4] [4]
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Haitian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[Faraclas2012-5] [5]
Faraclas, Nicholas; Spears, Arthur K.; Barrows, Elizabeth; Piñeiro, Mayra Cortes. II. Structure and Use §[[:Template:Nnbsp]]4. Orthography. Spears, Arthur K.; Joseph, Carole M. Berotte (编). The Haitian Creole Language: History, Structure, Use, and Education. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. 2012: 100 [1st pub. 2010]. ISBN 978-0-7391-7221-6. LCCN 2010015856. OCLC 838418590. 网址－维基内链冲突 (帮助)

[Valdman2002-6] [6]
Valdman, Albert. Creole: The National Language of Haiti. Footsteps. 2002, 2 (4): 36–39. （原始内容存档于13 July 2015）.

[DeGraff2015-7] [7]
DeGraff, Michel; Ruggles, Molly. A Creole Solution for Haiti's Woes. The New York Times: A17. 1 August 2014. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于6 September 2015）. Under the 1987 Constitution, adopted after the overthrow of Jean‑Claude Duvalier’s dictatorship, [Haitian] Creole and French have been the two official languages, but most of the population speaks only Creole fluently.

[Léonidas1995-8] [8]
Léonidas, Jean-Robert. Prétendus Créolismes: Le Couteau dans l'Igname [So‑Called Creolisms: The Knife in the Yam]. Montréal: Editions du CIDIHCA. 1995. ISBN 978-2-920862-97-5. LCCN 95207252. OCLC 34851284. OL 3160860W （法语）.

[DeGraff2007-9] [9]
DeGraff, Michel. Kreyòl Ayisyen, or Haitian Creole ('Creole French') (PDF). Holm, John; Patrick, Peter L. (编). Comparative Creole Syntax: Parallel Outlines of 18 Creole Grammars. London: Battlebridge. 2007: 101–102. ISBN 978-1-903292-01-3. OCLC 192098910. OL 12266293M. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于31 July 2015）.

[:0-10] [10]
Seguin, Luisa. Transparency and Language Contact: The Case of Haitian Creole, French, and Fongbe. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 2020: 218–252.

[Bonenfant2011-11] [11]
Bonenfant, Jacques L. History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language (PDF). Review of Higher Education and Self-Learning. 2011, 3 (11). （原始内容存档 (PDF)于23 March 2015）.

[NadeauBarlow2008-12] [12]
Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Barlow, Julie. Far from the Sun. The Story of French. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2008: 97 [1st pub. 2006]. ISBN 978-0-312-34184-8. LCCN 2006049348. OCLC 219563658. There are more speakers of French-based Creoles than all other Creoles combined (including English), thanks mostly to Haiti, the biggest Creole-speaking nation in the world...

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