精神药理学
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心理药物学(英文:Psychopharmacology )是指以科学方法研究预备、使用心理疾病药物及这些药物的效用。心理疾病相关药物称为psychotropic medications(psycho:心理的;tropic:作用于)。
- 心物问题
- 突触与动作电位
- 离子通道[2]
- 钠离子通道打开会刺激性后突触势能(英语:Excitatory postsynaptic potential)(EPSP);钾离子通道或氯离子通道(英语:Chloride channel)打开会压抑性后突触势能(英语:Inhibitory postsynaptic potential)(IPSP)
- 代谢型受体比起 ionotropic receptor较慢但影响较广[3]
- 血脑屏障,药物因此屏障较难直接送入脑中。脑内以下这些地方没有此屏障:
- 脑极后区(英语:area postrema)(area postrema),酒精可渗入此区来触发呕吐
- 正中隆突(median eminence of the hypothalamus),用来改变身体荷尔蒙
- 胎盘,婴儿透过胎盘吸收母体酒精,导致婴儿畸型[4]。
- 耐药性
- 服从医生指示(英语:compliance)
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- 成瘾与滥药
- 心理治疗方案[6]
- 动机增益治疗法(英语:Motivational enhancement therapy) (MET),阶段性管理戒毒过程
- 后果管理(英语:Contingency management) (CM),例如奖励病患提供无药尿液样本
- 认知行为疗法 (CBT),让病患认知问题及学习管理预防复发(英语:Relapse)
- 药物治疗
- 生物利用度 :(bioavailability)真正身体最终吸收了所用的药
- 给药途径:决定药物进入血管的速度及完整度
- 电离 (ionisation):非游离形式的药物因不带电荷而易渗入细胞膜[8],受住血管或消化系统等体内pH值,及药物自己的酸度系数(pKa值)影响[9]
- 血浆蛋白结合 (binding):药物困住在血浆、肌肉或脂肪中而变动不活跃,令到药物在目标位置浓度降低而效用减少。或者多种药物同时服用时,药物甲导致药物乙浓度太高而药物过量。
- 生物转化作用
- 速率方程:例如酒精是zero-order kinetics,即不论饮用多少酒,身体每个小时只能处理最多15毫升的酒精[12]。对应first-order kinetics,药物浓度越高则消化速度越快。
- 排泄作用,透过不同方法将药物离开身体,如制造母乳、呼吸、出汗、排尿等。
精神作用药物通常用神经递质来影响神经传导(英语:Neurotransmission)。神经递质主要一种化学物质来让神经元互相沟通,而精神作用药物则影响这个沟通过程。这些药物可以
The other central method through which drugs act is by affecting communications between cells through hormones. Neurotransmitters can usually only travel a microscopic distance before reaching their target at the other side of the synaptic cleft, while hormones can travel long distances before reaching target cells anywhere in the body. Thus, the endocrine system is a critical focus of psychopharmacology because 1) drugs can alter the secretion of many hormones; 2) hormones may alter the behavioral responses to drugs; 3) hormones themselves sometimes have psychoactive properties; and 4) the secretion of some hormones, especially those dependent on the pituitary gland, is controlled by neurotransmitter systems in the brain.
- Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), American Psychological Association
- Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- Journal of Psychopharmacology, British Association for Psychopharmacology, SAGE Publications
- Psychopharmacology, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg
- Neuropsychopharmacology, Nature Publishing Group
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