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撣語
语言 来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
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簡述
說撣語的人自稱大傣(Tai Yai或Tai Long)。「撣」是他稱,可能是暹羅一詞的訛傳。
南撣邦的撣語(傣耶語)一般用傣耶文書寫,傣耶文非常接近緬文,與中國的傣繃文相同。20世紀60年代之前使用的老傣耶文還不能完整地記錄撣語的語音。現行的傣耶文和語音對應良好。北撣邦接近克欽的地區的撣語(傣耶語)使用傣卯文,與東克欽、德宏的傣那文是同一文種;東撣邦的撣語(傣耶語)和傣痕語共用曇摩文,即西雙版納老傣文。
撣語音系
撣語有19個輔音。與泰語和寮語不同,撣語沒有[d]和[b]兩個濁口腔塞音,古內爆濁音今讀濁鼻塞音。
- 1 聲門爆破音一般標記在未終止的短元音後,或者在一個元音前的無聲「a」。
- 2 開頭的[f]只見於某些方言詞中,其他方言區一般發音為[pʰ]。
- 3 顫音很少見,一般用於英語或巴利語外來詞中。很多撣族人不會發[r]這個音,有時發[l]作為替代。
撣語有10個元音,13個雙元音:
[iu], [eu], [ɛu]; [ui], [oi], [ɯi], [ɔi], [əi]; [ai], [aɯ], [au]; [aːi], [aːu]
和泰語相比,撣語的元音的比較簡單。撣族人在學習泰語時很難發出ia、ua、uea([ɯa])等雙元音。此外,撣語沒有三元音,在長元音和短元音方面也沒有泰語那樣系統性的區別。
撣語的元音有抑止元音和自由元音的對立,兩者的聲調有所不同。根據方言差異,撣語有五個或六個聲調。第六個聲調只在北部方言出現。
下表是六個自由元音音節表示的聲調,即以[m]、[n]、[ŋ]、[w]等響音結尾的閉音節,和以[j]結尾的開音節。
- * The symbol in the first column corresponds to conventions used for other tonal languages; the second is derived from the Shan orthography.
下表是具體音位的聲調示例:
撣語聲調與泰語聲調對應,如下所示:
- 撣語的升調接近泰語的升調。
- The Shan low tone is equivalent to the Thai low tone.
- The Shan mid-tone is different from the Thai mid-tone. It falls in the end.
- The Shan high tone is close to the Thai high tone. But it is not rising.
- The Shan falling tone is different from the Thai falling tone. It is short, creaky and ends with a glottal stop.
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下表是四個抑止元音音節(入聲)表示的聲調,即以聲門塞音[ʔ]及[p]、[t]、[k]三個阻礙音 結尾的閉音節。
The syllable structure of Shan is C(G)V((V)/(C)), which is to say the onset consists of a consonant optionally followed by a glide, and the rhyme consists of a monophthong alone, a monophthong with a consonant, or a diphthong alone. (Only in some dialects, a diphthong may also be followed by a consonant.) The glides are: -w-, -y- and -r-. There are seven possible final consonants: /ŋ/, /n/, /m/, /k/, /t/, /p/, and /ʔ/.
Some representative words are:
- CV /kɔ/ also
- CVC /kàːt/ market
- CGV /kwàː/ to go
- CGVC /kwaːŋ/ broad
- CVV /kǎi/ far
- CGVV /kwáːi/ water buffalo
Typical Shan words are monosyllabic. Multisyllabic words are mostly Pali loanwords, or Burmese words with the initial weak syllable /ə/.
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注釋
參考文獻
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外部連結
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