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墨西哥革命
来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
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墨西哥革命(西班牙語:Revolución Mexicana)是指1910年—1920年墨西哥各派系之間的長期流血鬥爭,以結束獨裁統治、建立立憲共和國告終。革命後由革命制度黨長期執政,直至2000年。
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歷史




革命起因於人民對墨西哥總統波菲里奧·迪亞斯長期獨裁統治的普遍不滿。
1910年,迪亞斯想第7次連選連任總統,引起弗朗西斯科·馬德羅以「反對連任黨」領導人身份宣布自己為候選人。迪亞斯逮捕了馬德羅,於6月舉行假選舉,宣布自己獲勝。馬德羅獲釋後,被迫流亡美國,在德克薩斯州聖安東尼奧發布「聖路易斯波托西計劃」,號召11月20日舉行起義[1]:32-33。起義失敗後,墨西哥國內的馬德羅支持者,包括龐丘·維拉、埃米利亞諾·薩帕塔等人向政府發動戰爭。在北方,帕斯夸爾·奧羅斯科和龐丘·維拉動員他們的部隊襲擊政府駐軍;在南方,薩帕塔開展反對地方政治首腦的流血鬥爭。1911年春,革命軍攻克毗鄰美墨邊境的華雷斯城,加上一連串的軍事勝利,迫使迪亞斯辭職,迪亞斯政權滅亡。革命派迎接馬德羅回國成為總統。
然而馬德羅政府從一開始就不穩定,馬德羅並未實現革命前包括土地改革的承諾。薩帕塔對馬德羅不立即將土地歸還給被剝奪土地的印第安人表示憤怒,轉而反對他。馬德羅支持者奧羅斯科不滿新政府改革步伐緩慢,也在北方發動了反政府運動。美國擔心總統馬德羅過於妥協,怕墨西哥內戰影響美國的商業利益,也轉而反對馬德羅。當獨裁者迪亞斯的侄子費利克斯·迪亞斯領導的軍隊和維克托里亞諾·韋爾塔指揮的聯邦軍隊在墨西哥城發生衝突時,局勢極為緊張。
1913年2月18日韋爾塔和迪亞斯在美國大使亨利·萊恩·威爾遜辦公室簽署所謂「大使館計劃」,商定共同反對馬德羅,由韋爾塔出任總統。次日,馬德羅被捕,被迫辭職,韋爾塔就任總統。數日後馬德羅被暗殺。在北方,反對韋爾塔專橫統治的力量也發展起來,龐丘·維拉、阿爾瓦羅·奧夫雷貢和貝努斯蒂亞諾·卡蘭薩結成聯盟。革命派的卡蘭薩提出「瓜達盧佩計劃」,要求韋爾塔辭職。
1914年春夏期間,起義軍圍攻墨西哥城,韋爾塔出走。8月20日,卡蘭薩不顧維拉反對,宣布自己為總統。國家陷入混亂和流血的狀態,直至維拉、奧夫雷貢和薩帕塔舉行會議,一致認為維拉和薩帕塔之間的鬥爭使秩序無法恢復,並選舉尤拉利奧·古鐵雷斯為臨時總統。



維拉支持古鐵雷斯,奧夫雷貢則與卡蘭薩聯合,於1915年4月在塞拉西擊敗維拉。卡蘭薩再次任總統。他主持起草1917年憲法,賦予總統以獨裁權力,但規定政府有權沒收富有地主的土地,保障工人權利和限制羅馬天主教的權利。為了保持自己的權力,他清除異己,在1917年暗殺了薩帕塔。
1917年,卡蘭薩修改了墨西哥憲法,使得墨西哥民主化。但當他在1920年企圖破壞索諾拉的鐵路工人罷工時,反對他的浪潮達到頂點,實際上他已眾叛親離。他在5月21日企圖逃跑時被殺。阿道弗·德拉韋爾塔任臨時總統,直到11月奧夫雷貢當選總統為止。許多歷史學家認為,墨西哥革命在1920年即告結束。
然而,奧夫雷貢任總統,聯邦軍和叛軍之間的衝突時有發生,墨西哥軍事政變頻頻,直至1934年革命制度黨改良主義者拉薩羅·卡德納斯就任總統後才算平靜下來。而革命後由革命制度黨長期執政,直至2000年。
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參見
參考文獻
公有領域出版物的文本: Chisholm, Hugh (編). Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911.
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- Brunk, Samuel. The Banditry of Zapatismo in the Mexican Revolution The American Historical Review. Washington: April 1996, Volume 101, Issue 2, Page 331.
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