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布拉拉語
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布拉拉語(Burarra)是阿納姆地一種由布拉拉族使用的澳大利亞原住民語言,有幾種方言。
詹古語人群中有個布拉拉部落,時常會和布拉拉語混淆。[4]
分類
分布
布拉拉族來自阿納姆地中部和中北部的Blyth和Cadell河流域,但目前更多人住在更西邊利物浦河河口的的曼寧立達(Maningrida)鎮。[5][8]
方言
Glasgow (1994)分出3種方言:Gun-nartpa (來自Cadell河流域的Mu-golarra/Mukarli族群)、Gun-narta (Blythe河河口西側An-barra)和Gun-narda (Blythe河東岸Martay)。這些名稱都來自方言的指示代詞「那」。她還注釋道後兩個方言(Gun-narta和Gun-narda) 常被劃到一起,並被其東部鄰接族群稱為「布拉拉」,自稱則是「Gu-jingarliya」(「語言/用舌頭」)。
Green (1987)分出2種方言:Gun-nartpa和布拉拉話(Gu-jingarliya),但注釋道布拉拉話使用者中存在顯著的方言差異。
音系
多數情況下塞音的強弱分別對應清濁。[10]這種情況下,塞音通過口內壓峰值和持阻時間區分。強輔音的持阻一般更長,口內壓也更高,弱輔音則有擦音或近音的自由變體。[9]
布拉拉語有5個元音。
元音可以實現為:
/i/:半閉前元音[e]或[ɪ]
/a/:開央元音或schwa
/ɛ/:[ɛ]或[e]
/o/:[o]或[ɔ]
/u/:schwa,半開後圓唇元音[ö]的低化,或[ʊ][9]
語法
布拉拉語是一種前綴綜合語。動詞可以通過前綴實現主語和賓語之間的互指,有時和語態的屈折。有幾個動詞可以表達體、複合動作和使役。[5]
閱讀更多
Capell, A. 1942. Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia. Oceania, 12 (4), 364-392.
Elwell, Vanessa. 1977. Multilingualism and lingua francas among Australian Aborigines: A case study of Maningrida. Honours Thesis, Australian National University.
Elwell, Vanessa. 1982. Some social factors affecting multilingualism among Aboriginal Australians: a case study of Maningrida. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 36: 83-103.
Glasgow, Kathleen. 1981. Burarra phonemes. In Work papers of SIL-AAB, series A (Vol. 5). Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Glasgow, Kathleen. 1994. Burarra–Gun-nartpa dictionary with English finder list. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Green, Rebecca. 1987. A sketch grammar of Burarra. Honours Thesis, Australian National University Canberra.
Green, R. 2003. Proto Maningrida within Proto Arnhem: evidence from verbal inflectional suffixes. In N. Evans (Ed.), The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of Northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region (pp. 369–421). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Handelsmann, Robert. 1996. Needs Survey of Community Languages: Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory (Maningrida and Outstations). Report to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra.
Trefry, D. (1983). Discerning the back vowels /u/ and /o/ in Burarra, a language of the Australian Northern Territory. Working papers of the Speech and Language Research Centre, 3 (6), pp. 19–51.
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參考
外部連結
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