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布拉格起義
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布拉格起義(捷克語:Pražské povstání)是1945年5月第二次世界大戰結束後布拉格當地反對納粹德國的一次起事。納粹德國對捷克的佔領助長了捷克民眾的反德情緒,同時紅軍和西方盟軍的推進為捷克反抗軍提供了機會。
1945年5月5日,在歐洲的二戰結束時,佔領波希米亞和摩拉維亞保護國的德軍遭到了平民、捷克抵抗運動領導人和俄羅斯解放軍的襲擊。德軍對此予以反擊。5月8日,捷克和德國領導人簽署了停火協議,根據該協議,所有德軍撤出布拉格,但部分武裝黨衛軍拒絕服從。戰鬥一直持續到5月9日,當時紅軍已進入布拉格。
作戰雙方都犯下了數項戰爭罪。德軍使用捷克平民作為肉盾,並實施了多起屠殺。同時在捷克斯洛伐克流亡政府的支持下,針對德國平民的暴力行為有增無減。盟軍最高指揮官德懷特·D·艾森豪命令喬治·巴頓的美國第三軍團不要前來援助捷克反德武裝,這削弱了西方列強在戰後捷克斯洛伐克的信譽。相反,起義被描繪成捷克反抗納粹統治的象徵。
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注釋
- A few thousand of these were policemen from the Police of the Czech Republic and 國家憲兵 as well as soldiers from the 1st Battalion of the 波希米亞和摩拉維亞政府軍, all of whom were lightly armed.[2] The remainder were civilians, mostly young men with no prior military training.[3][4] Numerous female civilians fought in the uprising, while others were escaped Allied 戰俘 (some of whom were Soviet, British, French and Dutch) or Jews who had escaped from 納粹集中營.[5][6]
- The official figure of 1,000 German civilian casualties is "almost certainly an underestimate, especially considering the scope and nature of the violence that took place in and around the city, and doesn't take into account official attempts to play down the violence against civilians." For example, of 300 Germans buried in a mass grave in a suburb of Prague, three-quarters were classified as military casualties despite the fact that a majority were wearing civilian clothes.[23]
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參考文獻
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