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蒂奧得螺屬
腹足綱蜑螺科軟體動物的一個屬 来自维基百科，自由的百科全书
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蒂奧得螺屬（學名：Theodoxus）是腹足綱蜑螺科軟體動物的一個屬，體型細小，有螺厴，棲息於淡水或半鹹水環境中[2]。
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分佈
本屬物種分佈於歐洲及北非，並往東延伸至伊朗南部[3]。除本屬以外，蜑螺科並沒有其他屬與本屬具同域分佈[4]。這在蜑螺科相當例外，因為其他蜑螺科物種只分佈於南半球的熱帶[4]。本屬物種均為蜑螺科僅有棲息於溫帶的物種[4]。
Bunje 和 Lindberg (2007) 提出了Theodoxus分支的第一個系統發育假說。 [4] Theodoxus屬的進化受到中新世地中海與副特提斯海分離的影響。 [4]
形態描述
本屬物種的螺殼呈半卵形，具有平坦的殼口。沒有螺臍。螺柱及內螺層溶解[3]。
蒂奧得螺屬物種間的差異，無論是大小、外殼膜上的顏色與花紋變化、螺厴及齒舌的細節都有很大差異，這使得本屬物種的辨認比較困難[5]。
生態
These animals live on stones, and often also under stones, in up to 5–6 m depth or deeper, feeding on algal covers.[3] Theodoxus needs rough surfaces in order to be able to digest its food, so a stony 基質 (生物生活環境) is necessary.[3] Green algae [需要解釋] are not consumed; Theodoxus has no 纖維素酶s.[3] These snails lay egg capsules containing 30-70 eggs each, usually on the shells of other Theodoxus animals; only one juvenile grows, the other eggs serve as food.[3]
物種
截至2007年，還未有對蒂奧得螺屬作系統評價的研究[4]。Bunje (2004) 的研究指出本屬至少有34個現害種；而在2015年度的國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄列出了本屬包括有至少23個物種[6]。
本屬包括下列各物種：
- Subgenus Brusinaella Andrusov, 1912[7]
- † Theodoxus petasatus (Seninski, 1905)
- Subgenus Calvertia Bourguignat, 1880[8]
- † Theodoxus acuticarinatus (Fuchs, 1870)
- † Theodoxus amblygonioides Wenz, 1930
- † Theodoxus amethystinus (Brusina, 1874)
- † Theodoxus anconae (Capellini, 1880)
- † Theodoxus angularis Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus anonymus Anistratenko & Gozhik, 1995
- † Theodoxus atticus Kühn, 1963
- † Theodoxus barakovici (Brusina, 1902)
- † Theodoxus bessarabicus (Sinzov, 1896)
- † Theodoxus brusinai (Pavlović, 1931)
- † Theodoxus capellinii (Pantanelli, 1876)
- † Theodoxus capillaceus (Brusina, 1874)
- † Theodoxus crescens (Fuchs, 1870)
- † Theodoxus doderleini (d'Ancona, 1869)
- † Theodoxus dumortieri (Fontannes, 1878)
- † Theodoxus fasciatus Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † Theodoxus gnezdai (Brusina, 1884)
- † Theodoxus grateloupianus (Férussac, 1823)
- † Theodoxus hoernesanus (Semper, 1867)
- † Theodoxus ingulenzis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † Theodoxus kalodictya (Andrusov, 1909)
- † Theodoxus koslinskyi (Porumbaru, 1881)
- † Theodoxus lamellatus (Brusina, 1892)
- † Theodoxus lineatus (Sinzov, 1896)
- † Theodoxus lorkovici (Brusina, 1878)
- † Theodoxus macedonicus Wenz, 1943
- † Theodoxus maculosus Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † Theodoxus mayeri (Semper, 1867)
- † Theodoxus militaris (Neumayr, 1869)
- † Theodoxus miljkovici (Brusina, 1902)
- † Theodoxus millepunctatus (Brusina, 1902)
- † Theodoxus moeschi Locard, 1893
- † Theodoxus morulus Kühn, 1963
- † Theodoxus mutinensis (d'Ancona, 1869)
- † Theodoxus neumayri (Burgerstein, 1877)
- † Theodoxus nitens Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus nivosus (Brusina, 1874)
- † Theodoxus novorossicus (Sinzov, 1896)
- † Theodoxus obtusangulaeformis Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus oxytropida (Andrusov, 1909)
- † Theodoxus pavlovici Milošević, 1983
- † Theodoxus philippianus Locard, 1883
- † Theodoxus pilari (Brusina, 1884)
- † Theodoxus platystoma (Brusina, 1874)
- † Theodoxus pseudodanubialis (Sinzov, 1896)
- † Theodoxus pseudofluviatilis Locard, 1893
- † Theodoxus pseudograteloupanus (Sinzov, 1884)
- † Theodoxus radmanesti (Fuchs, 1870)
- † Theodoxus radovanovici (Brusina, 1893)
- † Theodoxus reiseri (Brusina, 1902)
- † Theodoxus rugosus (Pavlović, 1931)
- † Theodoxus sagittiferus (Brusina, 1874)
- † Theodoxus schachmaticus (Andrusov, 1909)
- † Theodoxus scoliogramma (Brusina, 1884)
- † Theodoxus semidentatus (Sandberger, 1875)
- † Theodoxus serrulatus (Brusina, 1892)
- † Theodoxus slavonicus (Brusina, 1878)
- † Theodoxus sophievkaensis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † Theodoxus stanae (Brusina, 1893)
- † Theodoxus stefanescui (Fontannes, 1887)
- † Theodoxus stefanescuiformis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † Theodoxus subquadrofasciatus Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus subslavonicus Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus sundicus (Andrusov, 1909)
- † Theodoxus suskalovici (Pavlović, 1903)
- † Theodoxus sycophantus (Brusina, 1878)
- † Theodoxus tropidophorus (Brusina, 1884)
- † Theodoxus turbinatus (Fuchs, 1870)
- † Theodoxus veljetinensis (Pavlović, 1903)
- † Theodoxus venustus (Brusina, 1897)
- † Theodoxus xanthozona (Brusina, 1884)
- † Theodoxus zagradovkaensis Gozhik, 2002
- † Theodoxus zivkovici (Pavlović, 1903)
- Subgenus Neritonyx Andrusov, 1912[9]
- † Theodoxus unguiculatus (Seninski, 1905)
- Subgenus Ninniopsis Tomlin, 1930[10]
- † Theodoxus colchicus (Andrusov, 1912)
- Subgenus Neritaea Roth, 1855[11]
- Theodoxus anatolicus (Récluz, 1841)[12][13][14]
- † Theodoxus groyanus (Férussac, 1823)
- Theodoxus jordani (Sowerby)[14]
- † Theodoxus micans (Gaudry & Fischer in Gaudry, 1867)
- Theodoxus niloticus (Reeve, 1856)[14] - synonym: Theodoxus africanus (Reeve, 1856)[15]
- † Theodoxus subdoricus Schütt, 1976
- Theodoxus subterrelictus Schütt, 1963[12][13]
- Theodoxus peloponensis (Récluz, 1841)
- Theodoxus varius (Menke, 1828)[12][13]
- Subgenus Theodoxus Montfort, 1810
- Theodoxus altenai Schütt, 1965[12][14]
- Theodoxus baeticus (Lamarck, 1822)[12][16]
- † Theodoxus becenensis (Cobălcescu, 1883)
- † Theodoxus brenneri (Handmann, 1882)
- † Theodoxus carasiensis Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus constantiae Stefanescu, 1896
- † Theodoxus culceri (Porumbaru, 1881)
- † Theodoxus cyrtocelis (Krauss, 1852)
- Theodoxus danubialis (Pfeiffer, 1828)[12][16][14]
- † Theodoxus denisluensis (Oppenheim, 1919)
- † Theodoxus deperditus (Almera, 1894)
- † Theodoxus elongatulus (Philippi, 1844) [12][16]
- † Theodoxus eugenii Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus euxinus (Clessin, 1886)[12][16][17]
- Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)[12][16] - 模式種.[18] synonyms: Theodoxus brauneri (Lindholm, 1908)[18] (but as separate species per[12][16]); Theodoxus brauneri f. lacrymans Lindholm, 1908;[18] Theodoxus brauneri f. alboguttata Lindholm, 1908;[18] Theodoxus brauneri f. pulherrima Lindholm, 1908;[18] Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810.[3] Bunje (2005)[19] does not consider Theodoxus velox Anistratenko, 1999[20][17] to be a distinct species from Theodoxus fluviatilis.[19][14][17]
- † Theodoxus gregarius (Thomä, 1845)
- Theodoxus heldreichi (Martens, 1879)[12][14]
- † Theodoxus hisingeri (Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841)
- Theodoxus hispalensis (Martens, 1879)[12][16]
- † Theodoxus jekeliusi Jurišić-Polšak, 1979
- † Theodoxus leobersdorfensis (Handmann, 1887)
- Theodoxus meridionalis (Philippi, 1836)[12][21][16]
- † Theodoxus milessii Papp, 1979
- † Theodoxus moosbrunnensis Papp, 1953
- † Theodoxus morellii (Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841)
- Theodoxus pallasi Lindholm, 1924[22][12][16][17] - synonym: Theodoxus lituratus (Eichwald, 1838)[22]
- † Theodoxus pilidei (Tournouër, 1879)
- Theodoxus prevostianus (Pfeiffer, 1828)[12][16][14][23]
- † Theodoxus punctatolineatus (Sinzov, 1896)
- Theodoxus saulcyi (Bourguignat, 1852)[12][16]
- † Theodoxus scamandrius (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880)
- † Theodoxus semiplicatus (Neumayr in Herbich & Neumayr, 1875)
- † Theodoxus simplex (Fuchs, 1877)
- † Theodoxus subglobosus (Eichwald, 1853)
- Theodoxus subthermalis (Bourguignat in Issel, 1865)[17] or Theodoxus fluviatilis subthermalis Issel, 1865[16]
- Theodoxus transversalis (Pfeiffer, 1828)[12][16][14]
- † Theodoxus trifasciatus (Grateloup, 1839)
- † Theodoxus turislavicus Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus valentinus (Graells, 1846)[12][16]
- † Theodoxus zografi (Brusina, 1902)
- Subgenus ?
- † Theodoxus abnormis (Jenkins, 1864)
- † Theodoxus almelae (Revilla, 1958)
- Theodoxus astrachanicus Starobogatov, 1994[22][17]
- † Theodoxus banaticus Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus bohotinensis (Simionescu & Barbu, 1940)
- † Theodoxus bolivari (Royo Gómez, 1922)
- † Theodoxus bukowskii (Oppenheim, 1919)
- Theodoxus cariosus (Wood, 1828)
- Theodoxus coronatus (Leach, 1815)[24]
- † Theodoxus crenulatus (Klein, 1853)
- † Theodoxus cunici (Brusina, 1892)
- Theodoxus danasteri (Lindholm, 1908)[20][17]
- † Theodoxus doricus (Neumayr, 1880)
- Theodoxus euxinus (Clessin, 1886)
- Theodoxus gloeri Odabaşi & Arslan, 2015
- Theodoxus gurur Sands & Glöer, 2020
- † Theodoxus hellenicus (Bukowski, 1896)
- † Theodoxus imbricatus (Brusina, 1878)
- † Theodoxus intracarpaticus Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus karasuna[來源請求]
- † Theodoxus licherdopoli (Stefanescu, 1896)
- Theodoxus luteofasciatus (Miller, 1879)
- Theodoxus macri (Sowerby, 1849)[來源請求]
- Theodoxus maresi (Bourguignat, 1864)[25]
- Theodoxus marteli (Pallary, 1920)[26]
- Theodoxus milachevitchi Golikov & Starobogatov, 1966[17]
- Theodoxus mutinensis[來源請求]
- Theodoxus numidicus (Récluz, 1841)[27]
- Theodoxus olivaceus[來源請求]
- Theodoxus pallasi Lindholm, 1924
- Theodoxus pallidus Dunker, 1861
- † Theodoxus pappi Sauerzopf, 1952
- † Theodoxus paradisii (Magrograssi, 1928)
- † Theodoxus patrae Esu & Girotti, 2015
- † Theodoxus percarinatus (Oppenheim, 1919)
- Theodoxus pilidei (Tournouêr, 1879)[12]
- † Theodoxus politioanei Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus politus Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus poppei Ahuir, 2020
- † Theodoxus postcrenulatus Papp, 1953
- † Theodoxus prozlatarici Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus pseudodacicus Neubauer, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou, Mandic & Kroh, 2014 †
- † Theodoxus quadrifasciatus (Bielz, 1864) †
Theodoxus reticularis Sowerby, 1838[28] IT IS A SYNONYM OF Clithon reticularis http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/166739/0[失效連結] -->
- † Theodoxus reticulatus Pană, 1990
Theodoxus retropictus UNREFERENCED - see probably Clithon retropictum -->
- † Theodoxus rhodiensis (Tournouër in Fischer, 1877)
- Theodoxus sarmaticus (Lindholm, 1901)[20][17]
- Theodoxus schultzii (Grimm, 1877)[22][17]
- † Theodoxus scriptus (Stefanescu, 1896)
- † Theodoxus serratiliniformis Geyer, 1914[23]
- † Theodoxus sinjanus (Brusina, 1876)
- † Theodoxus soceni Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus sphaeroidalis (Revilla, 1958)
- † Theodoxus spratti (Jenkins, 1864)
- † Theodoxus stoicai Neubauer, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou, Mandic & Kroh, 2014
- Theodoxus subthermalis Bourguignat in Issel, 1865
- † Theodoxus susuzianus Harzhauser, Neubauer & Hoşgör, 2018
- † Theodoxus timisensis Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus trilophosensis Rust, 1997
- Theodoxus velascoi (Graëlls, 1846)[12]
- Theodoxus velox V. Anistratenko in O. Anistratenko, Starobogatov & V. Anistratenko, 1999
- Theodoxus vespertinus (Sowerby II, 1849)
- Theodoxus wesselinghi Sands & Glöer, 2020
- Theodoxus wilkei Sands & Glöer, 2020
- † Theodoxus zlatarici Brusina, 1902)
- Synonyms
- † Theodoxus burdigalensis (d'Orbigny, 1852) : synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) trifasciatus (Grateloup, 1839)
- Theodoxus cariosus (Wood, 1828) and Theodoxus cariosa are synonyms of Neritina cariosa (Wood, 1828)[29]
- † Theodoxus dacicus Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) leobersdorfensis dacicus Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus doriae Issel, 1865: synonym of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Theodoxus euphraticus (Mousson, 1874)[30] is a synonym of Neritina euphratica Mousson, 1874[31]
- † Theodoxus intracarpatica Jekelius, 1944 : synonym of † Theodoxus intracarpaticus Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810: synonym of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- † Theodoxus mariae (Handmann, 1887): synonym of † Neritina mariae Handmann, 1887
- † Theodoxus martensi (Brusina, 1884): synonym of † Ninnia martensi (Brusina, 1884)
- Theodoxus neglectus is a synonym of Neritina neglecta (Pease, 1861)[29]
- † Theodoxus oslavanensis Rzehak, 1893: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) cyrtocelis austriacus (Rzehak, 1893)
- Theodoxus oualaniense (Lesson, 1831): synonym of Checked: verified by a taxonomic editorClithon oualaniense (Lesson, 1831)
- † Theodoxus perlongus Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi perlongus Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus petralbensis Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi petralbensis Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus pictus (Férussac, 1823): synonym of † Agapilia picta (Férussac, 1823)
- Theodoxus reclivatus Say, 1822: synonym of Neritina usnea (Röding, 1798)
- † Theodoxus rumanus (Stefanescu, 1896): synonym of † Theodoxus (Calvertia) stefanescui (Fontannes, 1887)
- † Theodoxus scamandri (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880): synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) scamandrius (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880)
- Theodoxus vespertinus : synonym of Neritina vespertinus (Sowerby, 1849)[29]
- † Theodoxus vetranici (Brusina, 1902): synonym of † Neritina vetranici (Brusina, 1902)
- Theodoxus virginea (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758)
- † Theodoxus (Vittoclithon) pictus bizonalis (Grateloup, 1839): synonym of † Agapilia picta bizonalis (Grateloup, 1839)
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