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伊智提哈德
維基百科,自由的 encyclopedia
伊智提哈德(阿拉伯语:اجتهاد;波斯語:مجتهد;iğtihād)是伊斯蘭教法的專有名詞,形容單獨詮釋法源(古蘭經和聖行)來作出法律裁決的進程[1]。有资格通过伊智提哈德来解读教法的伊斯兰学者(乌理玛)则被称为“穆智台希德”。與其相反的是塔格利德(taqlid),即阿拉伯語裡的「模仿」[2]。
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伊智提哈德與什葉派賈法里派緊密相連。諸如約瑟·沙赫特(Joseph Schacht)等學者認同「伊智提哈德之門」在10世紀的遜尼派法學(費格赫)裡已被「關閉」[3],意味著伊智提哈德不在遜尼派當中實行。一些伊斯蘭法律的現代學者(如瓦埃勒·哈拉格)表示雖然遜尼派穆斯林更看重塔格利德,但伊智提哈德也成為了遜尼派傳統裡的重要部分[4]。