尽管马赫诺认为布尔什维克是乌克兰无政府主义者(英语:anarchism in Ukraine)的威胁,但他还是两次与红军结成正式的军事联盟,对抗白军。1920年11月,在白军战败后,布尔什维克对马赫诺发动进攻。经过一番抵抗后,马赫诺于1921年8月逃到了罗马尼亚边境,后来又与妻子哈雷娜(英语:Halyna Kuzmenko)、女儿叶连娜(英语:Elena Mikhnenko)一同定居巴黎。在此期间,马赫诺撰写了许多回忆录,长期为激进报纸供稿。1934年,马赫诺在巴黎死于肺结核并发症,年仅45岁。
Nomad, Max. The Warrior: Nestor Makhno, the Bandit Who Saved Moscow. Apostles of Revolution. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1939: 302–342. OCLC 717604079(英语).
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