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世界高山列表
維基媒體列表條目 来自维基百科，自由的百科全书
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关于以太陽系為範圍的最高山峰列表，请见「太阳系最高山峰列表」。以下是世界海拔高度排名前100的山峰，全部位於亞洲，且多數是國土位於青藏高原的4個國家：中國、印度、尼泊爾、巴基斯坦境內山脈，只列出在客觀標準下不屬於側峰的独立山峰。
考慮因素
如何区分擁有多個山峰的高山與单独的高山一直是个难题。一種較常見而且直观的判断方法是利用最高鞍狀山脊與毗鄰較高山峰的高度差距，这一方法被稱為地形突起（topographic prominence）或re-ascent（較高的山峰稱為“母峰”）。高山的通用定義是突起地形超過300米（或1,000英尺）的山峰。或者，相對突出（突出／高）被使用（通常7-8%）于反映出在更高山脈裡，一切都具有更大規模。下面的列表列出突出至少达500米（相对突出接近7%）的100个最高山峰。基於突出的列表的一個缺點是，它可能排除通过一道高的山脊与更高峰連接的著名或壯觀的山峰，像艾格峰、努子峰。一些這类有幾乎足夠的突出的山峰和山被包括在列表中，但是未作编号。 所列出山峰高度不太可能都精确到米的程度；的确，在测量远离海岸线的山峰高度时，海平面高度就是个问题。不同来源的测量数据之间经常相差数米，本列表中数据可能与维基百科其它地方的数据会有所差别。一个比较极端的例子是，位于青藏高原北部木孜塔格山（Ulugh Muztagh）通常高度被列為7,723-7,754米，但其高度似乎可能只有6,973-6,987米。很多喀喇崑崙山山峰在不同的地圖上的相差可能超過100米，而甚至目前已經被非常徹底度量過的珠穆朗瑪峰，數值也介於8,844至8,850米之間。這些差異旨在強調所列高度的不確定性。雖然世界上有些地方（尤其是大部分高山地區）沒有被完全勘測，但因人造衛星能量度難以進入的地方的高度，所以忽略這些高山的機會甚微。不過高度和突出地形仍有可能被修改，在未來不排除改變排名或加入其它山峰的可能。因此表中包含所有高於7,200公尺的高峰。
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地理分佈
列表中大部分山峰位於印度、中國、巴基斯坦、尼泊爾交界喜馬拉雅、喀喇昆仑山脈。实际上，所有高於7000公尺的世界高峰均位於亞洲內一個地帶。这一地带的西方是位於阿富汗、巴基斯坦邊界诺沙克峰〔Noshaq，7,492米〕，北面是位於吉爾吉斯、中國邊界的托木尔峰（7,439米），東面是位於四川贡嘎山〔7,508.9米〕，以及南面位於印度、尼泊爾邊界卡布魯峰（7,412米）。 下面為標示山峰位置的衛星圖片，數字代表山峰的排名。為保持圖片清楚，高度較小而與較高山峰重疊的山峰在圖片中省略，方格內的地區山峰密度最高，另外兩幅已放大的圖片顯示方格內的所有山峰。
山峰列表
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枝叶图示
以下是从上述资料中整理的枝叶图示。在線右邊的每個數位代表一座山海拔的十位。高度的单位是十米，每個高度的十位被取整处理。以高的8,848米为例，显示为88|4。而在線中「80 | 98532」，右邊的每个數位代表五座介於8,000至8,099米的山之一。
88 | 4
87 |
86 | 1
85 | 81
84 | 8
83 |
82 |
81 | 8662
80 | 98532
79 | 5433
78 | 98762210
77 | 9988554100
76 |
9766411
75 | 77554433110
74 | 99997666553222111000
73 | 8888866555422110
72 | 999888877665444322110000000
注釋
- ^ For Nepal, the heights indicated on the Nepal Topographic Maps are followed. For China and the Baltoro Karakoram, the heights are those of "The Maps of Snow Mountains in China". For the Hispar Karakoram the heights on a Russian 1:100,000 topo map [18] seem to be more accurate than the customarily quoted heights probably based on US army maps from the 50s [19]. Elsewhere, unless otherwise indicated, heights are those in Jill Neate's "High Asia".
- ^ This field is complicated by border line disputes. Mountains indicated to be on the Pakistan-Sinkiang border are all in the Kashmir region. Those indicated by "Kashmir" only are in the Siachen glacier area claimed by both Pakistan and India. The Bhutan / Tibet border is also disputed.
- ^ The region is beautifully covered by Terraserver.com and Google Maps Satellite imagery. Coordinates were established by comparing topographical maps with these satellite images.
- ^ The prominence data were extracted from a combination of maps and computer aided analysis of NASA's 3" SRTM data. Prominences over 1,450 m were copied from this website （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）。
- ^ Here defined as the first higher mountain beyond the key saddle with 500 m prominence itself.
- ^ The number of ascents and failed attempts up to 2004 is extracted from the Alpine Club Himalayan index （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. These are the number of expeditions（not individuals）that announced their ascent or attempt in a journal. They are probably quite accurate for the rarely climbed peaks（though omissions were noted）,but greatly underestimate the number of ascending parties on the easier and/or more popular mountains, like most eight-thousanders. For instance, Mt Everest has been scaled 2,251 times by individuals up to 2004 [20] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
- ^ Given the large differences between multiple "final" measurements of Mt Everest，the traditional 8,848 m is listed.
- ^ The highest（Eastern）summit of Saser Kangri II has not yet been climbed or attempted. The lower West peak, 2.5 km away, has been climbed in 1984 and twice since.
- ^ The highest point of the Kabru massif（the North summit）has not been reached. Lower summits, 2-3 km to the South, have been climbed, the first time already in 1935.
- ^ Chomolhari may be considerably lower than the official 7,315 m, which corresponds to exactly 24,000 ft [21]
- ^ "Discovered" by Jonathan de Ferranti. The height is unknown, but over 7,200 meters on both Chinese and Russian maps of the area.
- ^ The name and information about this summit was extracted from the May 2003 edition of Japanese Alpine News.
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参見
- 八千米以上山峰列表
- 山峰列表
- 八大頂峰
- 世界山脉列表
- 著名山峰列表
- 奥林帕斯山 (火星)，太阳系最高峰
外部連結
- Summitpost （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（Currently with detailed description of 30 of the top 100 peaks）
- Prominence lists（including all mountains in the world with >1,450m prominence）
- Alpine Club Himalayan index （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（Especially informative for history of ascents and location of obscure peaks）
- CLIMBING WITH with Karakorum Explorers[永久失效連結]
- Distinction of mountains and subsidiary peaks （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（德語）
- Discussion of frequently misquoted elevations （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- BlankontheMap site on mountains of Northern Kashmir （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Digital elevation data, including all the above peaks and many more worldwide （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Hispar area: expedition reports and maps
- http://www.peakware.com/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Northern Pakistan detailed placemarks in Google Earth （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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參考資料
- "High Asia: An Illustrated History of the 7,000 Metre Peaks" by Jill Neate（Mountaineers Books 1990）
- "The Maps of Snow Mountains in China" by Mi Desheng（Chinese Academy of Science, 1990s）
- "Nepal Topographic Maps" by the Finnish Meteorological Inst. (Nepalese Survey Dept., 1990s)
- Soviet military 1:100,000 topographic maps（most from 1980-1981）
- The "High Mountain Info" section of the "High Mountain Sports Magazine" (1990-2005) (now Climb Magazine)
- 部分資料及地形學地圖源自上述參考資料。
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