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American particle physicist and string theorist From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
David Jonathan Gross (/ɡroʊs/; born February 19, 1941) is an American theoretical physicist and string theorist. Along with Frank Wilczek and David Politzer, he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics[1] for their discovery of asymptotic freedom. Gross is the Chancellor's Chair Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) of the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB),[2] and was formerly the KITP director and holder of their Frederick W. Gluck Chair in Theoretical Physics.[3] He is also a faculty member in the UCSB Physics Department[4] and is affiliated with the Institute for Quantum Studies[5] at Chapman University in California. He is a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.[6]
David Gross | |
|---|---|
Gross in 2007 | |
| Born | David Jonathan Gross February 19, 1941 Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Education | Hebrew University of Jerusalem (BSc, MSc) University of California, Berkeley (PhD) |
| Known for | Asymptotic freedom Heterotic string Gross–Neveu model |
| Spouse(s) | Shulamith Toaff Gross (divorced) Jacquelyn Savani |
| Children | 2 |
| Awards | Dirac Medal (1988) Harvey Prize (2000) Nobel Prize in Physics (2004) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Theoretical physics |
| Institutions | University of California, Santa Barbara Harvard University Princeton University |
| Thesis | Investigation of the many-body, multichannel partial-wave scattering amplitude (1966) |
| Doctoral advisor | Geoffrey Chew |
| Doctoral students | Natan Andrei Frank Wilczek Edward Witten William E. Caswell Eric D'Hoker Rajesh Gopakumar Nikita Nekrasov Stephen Bernard Libby |
| Website | www |
| Signature | |
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Gross was born to a Jewish family in Washington, D.C., in February 1941. His parents were Nora (Faine) and Bertram Myron Gross (1912–1997). Gross received his bachelor's degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, in 1962. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1966, under the supervision of Geoffrey Chew.
In 1973, Gross, working with his first graduate student, Frank Wilczek, at Princeton University, discovered asymptotic freedom—the primary feature of non-Abelian gauge theories—which led Gross and Wilczek to the formulation of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of the strong nuclear force. Asymptotic freedom is a phenomenon where the nuclear force weakens at short distances, which explains why experiments at very high energy can be understood as if nuclear particles are made of non-interacting quarks. Therefore, the closer quarks are to each other, the less the strong interaction (or color charge) is between them; when quarks are in extreme proximity, the nuclear force between them is so weak that they behave almost as free particles. The flip side of asymptotic freedom is that the force between quarks grows stronger as one tries to separate them. This is the reason why the nucleus of an atom can never be broken into its quark constituents.
QCD completed the Standard Model, which details the three basic forces of particle physics—the electromagnetic force, the weak force, and the strong force. Gross was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics, with Politzer and Wilczek, for this discovery.[1]
Gross, with Jeffrey A. Harvey, Emil Martinec, and Ryan Rohm also formulated the theory of the heterotic string. The four were whimsically nicknamed the "Princeton String Quartet."[7] He continues to do research in this field at the KITP.[8]
He was a junior fellow at Harvard University (1966–69)[9] and a Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics at Princeton University until 1997, when he began serving as Princeton's Thomas Jones Professor of Mathematical Physics Emeritus.[10] He has received many honors, including a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1987 and the Dirac Medal in 1988.
In 2003, Gross was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.[11]
Gross is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President George W. Bush in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the Department of Energy's Office of Science, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.[12]
In 2015, Gross signed the Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change on the final day of the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the successful COP21 climate summit in Paris.[13]
Gross' first wife was Shulamith (Toaff), and they had two children. He also has a stepdaughter by his second wife, Jacquelyn Savani.[14] He has three brothers, including Larry Gross, professor of communication, Samuel R. Gross, professor of law, and Theodore (Teddy) Gross, a playwright.
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