Gross national income

Not to be confused with Gross domestic product or Modified gross national income (GNI*).

"GNP" redirects here. For other uses, see GNP (disambiguation).

"Gross National Product" redirects here. For the satirical group, see Gross National Product (comedy group).

The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total domestic and foreign financial output claimed by the residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents.^[2]: 44

Map of countries by income groups, based on their gross national income (GNI) per capita, 2023, according to World Bank^[1]

Comparing GNI to GDP in a country shows the degree to which a nation's GDP represents domestic or international activity. GNI has gradually replaced GNP in international statistics.^[3][4] While being conceptually identical, it is calculated differently.^[5] GNI is the basis of calculation of the largest part of contributions to the Budget of the European Union.^[6] In February 2017, Ireland's GDP became so distorted from the base erosion and profit shifting ("BEPS") tax planning tools of U.S. multinationals, that the Central Bank of Ireland replaced Irish GDP with a new metric, Irish Modified GNI (or "GNI*"). In 2017, Irish GDP was 162% of Irish Modified GNI.^[7]

The Atlas method can be applied to correct for fluctuating exchange rates.^[8]

Comparison of GNI and GDP

${\displaystyle \mathrm {GNI} =\mathrm {GDP} +{\text{Money flowing from foreign countries}}-{\text{Money flowing to foreign countries}}}$

Comparison of GNI (Atlas method). GNI and GDP
2023 World Bank (millions of current US$)

Country	GNI (Atlas method)[9]		GNI[10]		GDP[11]
	a	a - c	b	b - c	c
United States	26894542.7	−466392.3	27525100.0	164165.0	27360935.0
China	18899260.2	1104478.2	17663711.9	−131070.1	17794782.0
Japan	4859877.5	646932.4	4416932.4	203987.2	4212945.2
Germany	4559133.2	103052.1	4634489.3	178408.2	4456081.0
India	3630236.7	80317.8	3497821.6	−52097.4	3549918.9
United Kingdom	3266989.6	−73042.8	3296697.0	−43335.4	3340032.4
France	3072463.7	41559.7	3078891.3	47987.2	3030904.1
Italy	2244584.9	−10266.3	2250908.4	−3942.8	2254851.2
Canada	2162632.6	22547.1	2109385.7	−30699.9	2140085.6
Russia	2084758.0	63336.6	1994419.8	−27001.6	2021421.5
Brazil	1962339.3	−211326.4	2110557.0	−63108.6	2173665.7
South Korea	1835475.7	122682.9	1744702.6	31909.8	1712792.9
Australia	1681999.5	−41827.8	1652506.4	−71320.8	1723827.2
Spain	1556447.5	−24247.2	1569858.0	−10836.8	1580694.7
Mexico	1554336.1	−234550.7	1744711.4	−44175.4	1788886.8
Indonesia	1352588.3	−18582.8	1335866.4	−35304.8	1371171.2
Netherlands	1084789.7	−33335.0	1111451.5	−6673.3	1118124.7
Saudi Arabia	1059856.0	−7726.9	1073418.4	5835.5	1067582.9
Turkey	994012.3	−114010.1	1096809.4	−11213.0	1108022.4
Switzerland	842132.1	−42808.3	857292.6	−27647.8	884940.4
Poland	723682.0	−87547.1	777106.5	−34122.6	811229.1
Sweden	649619.6	56351.9	616804.9	23537.2	593267.7
Belgium	644688.2	12471.7	646019.9	13803.3	632216.6
Argentina	584110.0	−56481.4	626338.1	−14253.3	640591.4
Norway	565538.2	80024.9	505660.4	20147.1	485513.3
Israel	536857.8	26956.3	508979.3	−922.2	509901.5
Thailand	515549.3	604.3	502920.8	−12024.2	514945.0
United Arab Emirates	507149.0	2975.6	503253.8	−919.6	504173.5
Austria	502931.2	−13102.9	514443.6	−1590.5	516034.1
Philippines	496166.2	59019.8	485154.6	48008.2	437146.4
Bangladesh	493932.0	56516.6	454873.5	17458.1	437415.3
Egypt	439247.2	43321.1	378607.7	−17318.4	395926.1
Denmark	436283.0	32084.2	418427.5	14228.7	404198.8
Nigeria	432496.7	69681.8	355832.5	−6982.4	362815.0
Ireland	423058.9	−122570.6	421766.9	−123862.6	545629.5
Singapore	417722.2	−83705.3	420675.1	−80752.4	501427.5
Iran	417389.0	15884.5	401036.3	−468.3	401504.5
Hong Kong	415973.1	33918.5	416242.1	34187.5	382054.6
Vietnam	412944.1	−16772.8	407254.0	−22463.0	429717.0
Malaysia	410754.5	11105.6	387578.2	−12070.6	399648.8
South Africa	407575.9	29794.3	372625.7	−5155.9	377781.6
Pakistan	360729.3	22360.9	332603.5	−5765.0	338368.5
Colombia	357640.3	−5899.9	361333.8	−2206.4	363540.2
Romania	317743.0	−33259.6	341578.5	−9424.1	351002.6
Chile	310627.6	−24905.7	318450.1	−17083.2	335533.3
Finland	298118.3	−2068.9	299653.1	−534.1	300187.2
Czech Republic	294826.0	−36032.4	315842.0	−15016.4	330858.3
Portugal	276490.3	−10589.7	281729.0	−5351.1	287080.0
Iraq	254601.2	3758.4	252096.7	1253.9	250842.8
New Zealand	253873.8	408.1	247095.5	−6370.2	253465.7
Peru	240295.2	−27308.1	253910.6	−13692.7	267603.2
Greece	233934.8	−4271.5	236451.9	−1754.4	238206.3
Algeria	226263.4	−13636.1	236495.6	−3403.9	239899.5
Kazakhstan	217777.6	−43643.6	235418.9	−26002.2	261421.1
Kuwait	198885.2	37113.0	194323.8	32551.6	161772.2
Hungary	190073.7	−22315.2	206408.0	−5980.9	212388.9
Ukraine	174919.0	−3838.0	184268.0	5511.0	178757.0
Ethiopia	142605.3	−21092.6	163284.5	−413.4	163697.9
Morocco	142288.8	1179.4	138989.9	−2119.5	141109.4
Slovakia	123675.8	−9117.8	129363.5	−3430.1	132793.6
Ecuador	118390.5	−454.4	116176.1	−2668.7	118844.8
Kenya	116406.4	8965.9	105674.4	−1766.1	107440.6
Dominican Republic	109970.1	−11474.2	116006.7	−5437.6	121444.3
Oman	100047.1	−8145.4	100551.0	−7641.5	108192.5
Guatemala	98164.7	−3885.8	100245.8	−1804.7	102050.5
Bulgaria	92955.1	−8629.3	98154.8	−3429.6	101584.4
Uzbekistan	86005.4	−4883.8	90128.1	−761.0	90889.1
Puerto Rico	80926.1	−36976.2	81550.7	−36351.6	117902.3
Panama	80479.7	−2902.7	80057.3	−3325.1	83382.4
Ghana	79823.5	3453.1	75420.4	−950.0	76370.4
Croatia	79658.8	−3030.0	82762.1	73.3	82688.8
Tanzania	79293.0	134.8	77758.4	−1399.9	79158.3
Angola	78319.3	−6403.7	77036.1	−7686.8	84723.0
Sri Lanka	77922.9	−6434.0	81623.4	−2733.4	84356.9
Ivory Coast	77059.7	−1729.1	75606.1	−3182.7	78788.8
Costa Rica	72207.0	−14291.0	79835.0	−6662.9	86497.9
Belarus	71440.1	−417.3	69257.3	−2600.1	71857.4
Lithuania	71291.2	−6545.2	75164.4	−2672.0	77836.4
Azerbaijan	67529.1	−4827.1	69157.1	−3199.1	72356.2
Democratic Republic of the Congo	67082.2	699.0	64288.3	−2095.0	66383.3
Uruguay	66854.0	−10386.8	71856.3	−5384.6	77240.8
Serbia	66392.7	−8794.5	71011.8	−4175.3	75187.1
Myanmar	65964.1	1149.1	63663.6	−1151.4	64815.0
Slovenia	64938.3	−3278.5	67196.3	−1020.5	68216.8
Turkmenistan	59682.1	−205.2	59381.9	−505.5	59887.3
Luxembourg	59083.3	−26671.7	58922.1	−26832.9	85755.0
Libya	52179.3	1687.6	50562.0	70.3	50491.7
Jordan	50512.7	−301.0	50351.8	−461.8	50813.6
Sudan	47595.1	−61731.9	108427.0	−900.0	109327.0
Uganda	47399.0	−1873.9	48300.2	−972.7	49272.9
Cameroon	47320.1	−625.5	46953.4	−992.1	47945.5
Tunisia	46907.4	−1622.2	47219.7	−1309.9	48529.6
Bolivia	44649.2	−1200.7	44844.2	−1005.6	45849.8
Paraguay	42537.6	−418.6	41585.0	−1371.3	42956.3
Nepal	42332.9	1424.8	41385.1	477.0	40908.1
Bahrain	42014.0	−1191.0	40659.8	−2545.2	43205.0
Latvia	41337.1	−2290.0	42515.0	−1112.1	43627.1
Estonia	37217.0	−3527.9	39377.3	−1367.6	40744.8
Iceland	31424.8	404.8	31707.5	687.5	31020.0
El Salvador	31320.4	−2695.2	31874.0	−2141.6	34015.6
Honduras	30718.6	−3681.9	31872.8	−2527.7	34400.5
Cambodia	30702.3	−1070.5	30819.4	−953.4	31772.8
Senegal	29421.1	−1592.9	29981.0	−1033.0	31014.0
Papua New Guinea	29337.9	−1594.6	29106.1	−1826.4	30932.5
Zimbabwe	29075.3	2537.0	26187.2	−351.0	26538.3
Cyprus	28780.3	−3449.3	28974.2	−3255.4	32229.6
Trinidad and Tobago	27538.8	−601.2	27093.9	−1046.0	28139.9
Zambia	27196.3	−966.3	27020.1	−1142.6	28162.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	26211.2	−843.7	26986.0	−68.9	27054.9
Georgia	25119.5	−5416.0	28505.4	−2030.1	30535.5
Palestine	21800.7	4404.4	20858.3	3462.0	17396.3
Albania	20773.7	−2204.0	22674.9	−302.8	22977.7
Haiti	20425.7	574.8	19855.1	4.3	19850.8
Botswana	20389.2	993.5	19153.4	−242.4	19395.8
Armenia	20363.8	−3848.4	23567.1	−645.0	24212.1
Mali	20055.6	−849.3	19940.5	−964.4	20904.9
Benin	19699.6	26.3	19549.8	−123.5	19673.3
Burkina Faso	19697.5	−627.1	19484.8	−839.9	20324.6
Gabon	19393.8	−1122.4	18421.3	−2094.9	20516.1
Guinea	19271.1	−4341.2	21019.3	−2593.0	23612.3
Malta	18940.1	−2016.9	19088.4	−1868.6	20957.0
Mozambique	17880.1	−2744.5	18787.4	−1837.2	20624.6
Jamaica	17385.2	−2038.1	18894.1	−529.2	19423.4
Mongolia	17068.9	−2803.3	17982.8	−1889.4	19872.2
Guyana	16572.5	−213.8	15206.3	−1580.0	16786.3
Niger	16303.3	−515.9	16182.4	−636.8	16819.2
Laos	16195.4	352.2	14685.7	−1157.5	15843.2
Nicaragua	16015.9	−1813.4	16935.0	−894.2	17829.2
Madagascar	15926.5	−105.2	15703.0	−328.7	16031.7
Brunei	15825.3	697.0	15322.3	194.0	15128.3
Moldova	15192.2	−1347.2	16749.2	209.8	16539.4
Republic of the Congo	15080.9	−240.2	14485.8	−835.3	15321.1
Tajikistan	14584.5	2523.9	15143.8	3083.1	12060.6
Mauritius	14539.1	141.9	14752.7	355.6	14397.1
North Macedonia	13879.1	−882.2	13952.0	−809.2	14761.2
Rwanda	13853.0	−244.7	13817.6	−280.1	14097.8
Malawi	13395.3	−689.1	13726.2	−358.2	14084.3
Bahamas	13200.7	−1137.8	13626.7	−711.8	14338.5
Chad	12999.9	−149.4	12956.6	−192.7	13149.3
Namibia	12676.7	325.6	11781.6	−569.4	12351.0
Kyrgyzstan	12065.6	−1922.0	13295.7	−691.9	13987.6
Somalia	11137.4	−542.4	11635.8	−44.0	11679.8
Kosovo	10505.2	66.9	10636.2	197.8	10438.4
Mauritania	10453.5	1.0	10443.3	−9.3	10452.6
Togo	9323.2	151.9	9210.7	39.4	9171.3
Equatorial Guinea	8988.7	−3128.2	8682.0	−3435.0	12116.9
Montenegro	7088.6	−315.9	7477.5	72.9	7404.5
Barbados	6000.8	−392.7	6126.6	−267.0	6393.6
Maldives	5745.3	−854.7	5777.2	−822.8	6600.0
Fiji	5221.7	−273.1	5113.3	−381.5	5494.8
Sierra Leone	4921.8	1111.9	4395.3	585.5	3809.8
Eswatini	4674.2	76.3	4289.4	−308.5	4597.9
Liberia	3950.9	−381.1	4058.0	−274.0	4332.0
Djibouti	3921.8	−176.8	4006.5	−92.0	4098.5
Suriname	3342.8	−439.6	3474.5	−307.9	3782.4
Burundi	3032.6	390.4	2648.0	5.8	2642.2
Belize	2955.1	−326.4	3170.4	−111.1	3281.5
Timor-Leste	2904.9	661.8	2581.3	338.2	2243.1
Central African Republic	2710.7	155.2	2706.5	151.0	2555.5
Lesotho	2700.2	654.2	2393.9	347.9	2046.0
Cape Verde	2561.8	−25.4	2577.5	−9.8	2587.3
Gambia	2308.4	−31.5	2309.3	−30.6	2339.9
Saint Lucia	2235.6	−284.4	2304.5	−215.4	2519.9
Seychelles	2029.0	−112.5	2124.7	−16.8	2141.5
Guinea-Bissau	1943.5	−23.0	1993.6	27.1	1966.5
Antigua and Barbuda	1884.7	−148.4	1940.1	−93.0	2033.1
Solomon Islands	1680.0	48.7	1656.4	25.1	1631.3
Comoros	1362.9	10.5	1355.2	2.8	1352.4
Grenada	1236.5	−83.9	1237.4	−82.9	1320.3
Vanuatu	1224.7	98.4	1281.0	154.7	1126.3
Turks and Caicos Islands	1224.0	−178.1	1342.5	−59.6	1402.1
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	1043.8	−22.2	1058.6	−7.4	1066.0
Saint Kitts and Nevis	1020.9	−56.1	1049.2	−27.8	1077.0
Samoa	908.2	−25.9	922.4	−11.7	934.1
Dominica	651.2	−2.8	655.8	1.8	654.0
São Tomé and Príncipe	573.9	−29.4	610.8	7.5	603.2
Kiribati	497.8	218.8	467.5	188.5	279.0
Federated States of Micronesia	478.6	18.6	504.3	44.3	460.0
Marshall Islands	318.0	34.0	324.8	40.8	284.0
Nauru	282.3	128.2	262.4	108.3	154.1
Palau	257.3	−5.8	269.8	6.7	263.0
Tuvalu	86.0	23.8	84.2	21.9	62.3

GNI (Atlas method) nominal

Nominal, Atlas method – millions of current US$ (top 15)^[3]

Rank	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		2015		2014		2013
1	United States	26,894,543	United States	25,526,912	United States	23,684,736	United States	21,445,453	United States	21,734,159	United States	20,709,155	United States	19,224,810	United States	18,433,936	United States	18,124,086	United States	17,725,039	United States	17,023,066
2	China	18,899,260	China	18,206,073	China	16,883,573	China	14,843,775	China	14,512,889	China	13,385,455	China	12,104,948	China	11,387,927	China	10,883,163	China	10,246,590	China	9,193,838
3	Japan	4,859,878	Japan	5,324,575	Japan	5,487,896	Japan	5,169,146	Japan	5,315,223	Japan	5,300,391	Japan	4,943,005	Japan	4,887,582	Japan	5,006,472	Japan	5,656,061	Japan	6,225,973
4	Germany	4,559,133	Germany	4,527,641	Germany	4,329,964	Germany	3,989,008	Germany	4,105,522	Germany	3,937,444	Germany	3,617,063	Germany	3,646,623	Germany	3,740,019	Germany	3,858,306	Germany	3,807,840
5	India	3,630,237	India	3,394,542	India	3,064,476	India	2,661,734	United Kingdom	2,890,071	United Kingdom	2,792,597	United Kingdom	2,752,284	United Kingdom	2,818,536	United Kingdom	2,890,071	United Kingdom	2,879,862	France	2,890,903
6	United Kingdom	3,266,990	United Kingdom	3,297,427	United Kingdom	3,052,770	France	2,651,967	India	2,878,536	France	2,764,774	France	2,564,094	France	2,608,889	France	2,737,258	France	2,874,055	United Kingdom	2,744,028
7	France	3,072,464	France	3,078,221	France	2,968,919	United Kingdom	2,599,175	France	2,861,603	India	2,713,330	India	2,439,594	India	2,246,784	India	2,097,598	Brazil	2,457,007	Brazil	2,571,101
8	Italy	2,244,585	Italy	2,261,746	Italy	2,153,654	Italy	1,928,007	Italy	2,085,349	Italy	2,045,243	Italy	1,899,454	Italy	1,938,263	Brazil	2,084,247	Russia	2,137,991	Russia	2,179,425
9	Canada	2,162,633	Canada	2,075,404	Canada	1,865,477	South Korea	1,712,697	Brazil	1,953,067	Brazil	1,920,050	Brazil	1,808,497	Brazil	1,839,992	Italy	2,004,023	Italy	2,122,305	Italy	2,142,306
10	Russia	2,084,758	Russia	1,879,408	South Korea	1,821,293	Brazil	1,686,363	Canada	1,752,253	South Korea	1,688,927	Canada	1,567,890	Canada	1,585,229	Russia	1,725,234	India	2,020,998	India	1,941,117
11	Brazil	1,962,339	South Korea	1,868,327	Russia	1,725,858	Canada	1,669,281	South Korea	1,750,992	Canada	1,670,517	South Korea	1,555,716	South Korea	1,502,019	Canada	1,698,849	Canada	1,849,754	Canada	1,852,426
12	South Korea	1,835,476	Brazil	1,774,307	Brazil	1,689,214	Russia	1,575,000	Russia	1,655,618	Russia	1,505,175	Russia	1,352,319	Russia	1,426,946	South Korea	1,465,140	Australia	1,531,471	Australia	1,528,597
13	Australia	1,681,999	Australia	1,582,214	Australia	1,470,331	Australia	1,375,626	Spain	1,431,194	Spain	1,372,430	Australia	1,267,317	Australia	1,309,602	Australia	1,441,971	South Korea	1,428,957	Spain	1,362,931
14	Spain	1,556,447	Spain	1,533,031	Spain	1,426,623	Spain	1,287,271	Australia	1,392,624	Australia	1,326,718	Spain	1,263,572	Spain	1,281,503	Spain	1,321,902	Spain	1,355,256	South Korea	1,360,191
15	Mexico	1,554,336	Mexico	1,378,549	Mexico	1,256,693	Mexico	1,129,323	Mexico	1,241,846	Mexico	1,191,161	Mexico	1,143,310	Mexico	1,190,381	Mexico	1,280,512	Mexico	1,311,930	Mexico	1,267,698

GNI (Atlas method) PPP

PPP – millions of international dollars (top 15)^[4]

Rank	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		2015		2014		2013
1	China	34,388,534	China	31,576,043	China	28,620,862	China	25,044,516	China	24,232,656	China	22,355,235	China	20,567,696	China	19,169,812	United States	18,608,138	United States	17,984,237	United States	17,140,708
2	United States	27,525,100	United States	25,926,000	United States	23,777,600	United States	21,479,588	United States	21,760,847	United States	20,883,383	United States	19,837,150	United States	18,983,369	China	18,129,539	China	17,445,351	China	16,241,642
3	India	14,324,038	India	12,858,238	India	11,250,341	India	9,639,773	India	9,837,436	India	9,131,972	India	8,264,362	India	7,706,181	India	7,120,994	India	6,732,248	India	6,416,831
4	Japan	6,554,254	Japan	6,254,021	Japan	5,866,681	Japan	5,554,842	Japan	5,616,185	Japan	5,548,453	Japan	5,456,930	Japan	5,338,419	Japan	5,404,453	Japan	5,221,591	Japan	5,194,308
5	Russia	6,366,121	Russia	5,884,375	Russia	5,598,676	Germany	4,952,942	Germany	5,021,459	Germany	4,730,328	Germany	4,491,248	Germany	4,268,496	Germany	3,977,709	Germany	3,883,390	Germany	3,712,582
6	Germany	6,092,387	Germany	5,799,414	Germany	5,351,636	Russia	4,542,377	Russia	4,434,791	Russia	4,128,705	Russia	3,705,398	Russia	3,440,587	Russia	3,428,610	Russia	3,639,325	Russia	3,611,853
7	Brazil	4,325,589	Brazil	4,055,711	France	3,728,403	France	3,370,362	France	3,527,047	France	3,197,838	France	3,050,429	France	2,924,693	Brazil	2,932,875	Brazil	3,107,798	Brazil	3,077,182
8	France	4,235,079	France	3,984,079	Brazil	3,669,595	Brazil	3,289,682	United Kingdom	3,332,513	Brazil	3,098,566	United Kingdom	3,009,162	Brazil	2,846,198	France	2,777,205	France	2,719,730	France	2,666,952
9	Indonesia	4,221,517	Indonesia	3,870,444	United Kingdom	3,561,213	United Kingdom	3,151,687	Brazil	3,244,271	United Kingdom	3,087,113	Brazil	2,924,571	United Kingdom	2,824,431	United Kingdom	2,706,923	United Kingdom	2,619,025	United Kingdom	2,516,787
10	United Kingdom	3,974,003	United Kingdom	3,866,883	Indonesia	3,434,771	Indonesia	3,134,896	Indonesia	3,166,892	Indonesia	2,978,437	Indonesia	2,766,769	Indonesia	2,628,825	Indonesia	2,538,121	Indonesia	2,518,157	Indonesia	2,448,797
11	Turkey	3,729,107	Italy	3,324,775	Italy	2,988,508	Italy	2,660,830	Italy	2,797,692	Italy	2,629,049	Italy	2,531,220	Italy	2,427,622	Mexico	2,251,300	Mexico	2,200,816	Italy	2,183,587
12	Italy	3,446,469	Turkey	3,227,873	Turkey	2,627,527	Mexico	2,375,085	Mexico	2,564,439	Mexico	2,538,888	Mexico	2,464,263	Mexico	2,393,565	Italy	2,225,429	Italy	2,200,447	Mexico	2,088,045
13	Mexico	3,207,460	Mexico	2,972,064	Mexico	2,608,640	Turkey	2,362,958	Turkey	2,313,729	Turkey	2,271,021	Turkey	2,235,991	Turkey	2,094,056	Turkey	1,999,739	Turkey	1,844,207	South Korea	1,737,910
14	South Korea	2,846,253	South Korea	2,706,619	South Korea	2,542,823	South Korea	2,360,461	South Korea	2,290,264	South Korea	2,229,385	South Korea	2,112,226	South Korea	2,034,378	South Korea	1,939,637	South Korea	1,801,276	Saudi Arabia	1,730,115
15	Spain	2,535,604	Canada	2,384,385	Canada	2,114,747	Spain	1,850,441	Spain	2,065,307	Spain	1,908,195	Spain	1,843,464	Spain	1,738,407	Spain	1,621,469	Saudi Arabia	1,777,122	Turkey	1,688,340

Gross national product

Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the goods and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike gross domestic product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP indicates allocated production based on location of ownership. In fact it calculates income by the location of ownership and residence, and so its name is also the less ambiguous gross national income.

GNP is an economic statistic that is equal to GDP plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents.

GNP does not distinguish between qualitative improvements in the state of the technical arts (e.g., increasing computer processing speeds), and quantitative increases in goods (e.g., number of computers produced), and considers both to be forms of "economic growth".^[12]

When a country's capital or labour resources are employed outside its borders, or when a foreign firm is operating in its territory, GDP and GNP can produce different measures of total output. In 2009 for instance, the United States estimated its GDP at $14.119 trillion, and its GNP at $14.265 trillion.^[13]

The term gross national income (GNI) has gradually replaced the Gross national product (GNP) in international statistics.^[3][4] While being conceptually identical, the precise calculation method has evolved at the same time as the name change.^[5]

Use of GNP

The United States used GNP as its primary measure of total economic activity until 1991, when it began to use GDP.^[14] In making the switch, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) noted both that GDP provided an easier comparison of other measures of economic activity in the United States and that "virtually all other countries have already adopted GDP as their primary measure of production".^[15] Many economists have questioned how meaningful GNP or GDP is as a measure of a nation's economic well-being, as it does not count most unpaid work and counts much economic activity that is unproductive or actually destructive.^[16]

GNI vs GDP

While GDP measures the market value of all final goods and services produced in a given country, GNI measures income generated by the country's citizens, regardless of the geographic location of the income. In many states, those two figures are close, as the difference between income received by the country versus payments made to the rest of the world is not significant. According to the World Bank, the GNI of the US in 2016 was 1.5% higher than GDP.^[17]

In developing countries, on the other hand, the difference might be significant due to a large amount of foreign aid and capital inflow. In 2016, the GNI^[18] of Armenia was 4.45% higher than GDP.^[19] Based on the OECD reports, in 2015 alone, Armenia has received a total of US$409 million development assistance. Over the past 25 years, USAID has provided more than one billion USD to improve the living of the people in Armenia. GNI equals GDP plus wages, salaries, and property income of the country's residents earned abroad that also constitutes the higher GNI figure. According to the UN report on migration from Armenia in 2015–17, every year around 15–20 thousand people leave Armenia permanently,^[20] and roughly 47% of those are working migrants that leave the country to earn income and sustain the families left in Armenia. In 2016 Armenian residents received in a total of around $150 million remittances.^[21] Armenia's GNI, measured in US dollars, amounted to USD 13.5 billion in 2021, according to the National Statistical Office. This is an 8.23% increase over the prior year. GNI in USD terms in Armenia has historically ranged from a record high of USD 13.8 billion in 2019 to a record low of USD 1.06 billion in 1992. Regarding interest rates on GNI expressed in USD, Armenia is ranked 119th out of the 155 monitored nations.^[22]

Lists of GNI per capita

• List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita
• List of countries by GNI (real) per capita
• List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita
• List of countries by GNI per capita growth

See also

• Disposable household and per capita income
• Net national income
• Measures of national income and output
• Gross national income in the European Union
• Gross world product
• National average salary
• Gross domestic product (GDP)
• Irish modified GNI (or GNI*)
• List of U.S. states by adjusted per capita personal income

References

1. "World Bank's Income Groups". Our World in Data. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
2. Todaro, Michael P.; Smith, Stephen C. (2012). Economic development (11 ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-13-801388-2.
3. World Bank. "GNI, Atlas method". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
4. World Bank. "GNI, PPP (international $)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
5. "Glossary:Gross national income (GNI)". Eurostat Statistic Explained. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
6. "Monitoring GNI for own resource purposes". Eurostat Statistic Explained. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
7. Heike Joebges (January 2017). "CRISIS RECOVERY IN A COUNTRY WITH A HIGH PRESENCE OF FOREIGN-OWNED COMPANIES: The Case of Ireland" (PDF). IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung.
8. "detailed methodology – World Bank Data Help Desk". The World Bank Atlas method. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
9. "GNI. Atlas method (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
10. "GNI (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
11. "GDP (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
12. Daly, Herman E. (1996), Beyond Growth. Beacon Press
13. "Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States" (PDF). Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 17 September 2010. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
14. "BEA: Glossary "G"". Bureau of Economic Analysis. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007.
15. "Gross Domestic Product as a Measure of U.S. Production" (PDF). August 1991.
16. "Beyond GDP". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
17. "BEA: The World Bank - US figures". the World Bank. 2017.
18. "BEA: Armenia GNP". Macrotrends. 2019.
19. "BEA: Armenia GDP". Macrotrends. 2019.
20. "BEA: Migration Rate and Associated Issues in Armenia in 2016–2017". UN Armenia. 2017.
21. "BEA: Inflow of Remittances by Balance of Payments". Central Bank of Armenia. 2019.
22. "GNI (Current USD) in Armenia".