The Franklin Springs Institute was established in Franklin Springs, Georgia as a secondary religious school. In 1939, it received a charter to provide post-secondary education and was remained Emmanuel College (with the high school portion renamed Emmanuel Academy).[16]
Soldiers threw up a blockade at Folkestone harbour in a successful protest against being returned to France.[29] This leads to the start of mutiny that totaled 5,000 soldiers in Southampton, England. Eventually, it was put down after GeneralHugh Trenchard threatened lethal force against the mutineers.[30]
During a strike a metal works plant in Buenos Aires, armed workers fired on police conducting a metal shipment to the plant and fatally wounded one officer.[31]
Spartacist uprising– The Communist Party of Germany and the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany called for a demonstration supporting Emil Eichhorn to remain as head of the Berlin police force, but it swelled unexpectedly into a mass demonstration of 200,000 people. Eichhorn proclaimed before the massive crowd: "I got my job from the [German] Revolution, and I shall give it up only to the Revolution."[38] Many demonstrators occupied rail stations and newspapers while party members took control of the main Berlin police station.[39]
An attempt to overthrow Polish President Józef Piłsudski ended in failure, with most of the participants arrested in Warsaw. Piłsudski forwent any trials against the conspirators in the interest of national unity, and proposed instead to dissolve the current administration under Prime Minister Jędrzej Moraczewski.[40]
Battle of Ławica– Polish forces attacked German troops at the airport near Ławica, Greater Poland after they refused to surrender, and captured the airfield within 20 minutes along with 300 planes and 20 machine guns.[48]
Spartacist uprising– The revolutionary committee called for a general strike in Berlin. Around 500,000 demonstrators surged into downtown Berlin but did not occupy public buildings as the committee had planned.[39]
Maritime workers in Buenos Aires voted to strike while clashes between police and striking metal workers resulted in five people killed and another 20 wounded. The violent labor unrest marked the beginning of an anarchist uprising Argentina later described as Tragic Week.[31]
The Hutsul Republic was declared after a successful uprising against occupying Hungarian forces in Rakhiv (now part of the western Ukraine).[61]
Spartacist uprising– The revolutionary committee splintered when the socialist half invited German president Friedrich Ebert to talks. Material was found that the government was behind the mobilization of the Freikorps, causing the communist committee members that were also part of the Spartacus League to withdraw in protest and call on its members to engage in armed combat.[39]
Tragic Week– A general strike grounded the Buenos Aires waterfront and all ship movements in the harbor.[31]
Battle of Ławica– The Polish Air Force launched their first aerial attack against a foreign power, when six planes bombed German military units at the airport near Frankfurt. While only two structures were lost, the destruction was enough to shock German civilians who escaped much of the fighting from World War I. Operations at the airport ceased due to its vulnerability.[48]
Tragic Week– A general strike grounded the Buenos Aires waterfront and all ship movements in the harbor.[31]
In Luxembourg group of socialist and liberal deputies, tabled a motion to make Luxembourg a republic. A crowd gathered at the barracks of the Corps of Volunteers, close to the Chamber. Then Émile Servais, a left-wing politician, walked out, addressed the crowd and demanded a republic. The crowd then rushed the Chamber and the deputies called in the Corps of Volunteers but the soldiers refused the orders to disperse the crowd. Part of the deputies then fled the Chamber. The remaining deputies, mainly left-wing, Committee of Public Safety with Servais as its leader. The committee had no public support and the French Army under the command of General de La Tour soon quelled the turmoil.[70]
Spartacist uprising– The Freikorps attacked Spartacus League supporters throughout in Berlin. As most of the units were composed of World War I veterans who retained most of their military equipment, they were able to successfully put down the uprising in five days. During the fighting, 156 insurgents were killed and hundreds more surrendered. The Freikorps lost 17 soldiers.[66]
Tragic Week– Riots and sympathy strikes paralyzed Buenos Aires, including rail stations, shipping ports, and food distribution centres. Many anti-anarchist mobs attacked neighborhoods with predominantly Russian Jewish citizens after rumors spread they were behind much of the anarchist violence.[31]
Russian Civil War– Heavy fighting around Alagir, Russia resulted in major civilian casualties with thousands more displaced, particularly ethnic Georgians. Vladimir Lenin attributed the civilian casualties to counterrevolutionaries but Georgians reported it to be regional soviet radicals who inflicted much of the violence.[75][76]
Tragic Week– Federal government troops successfully quelled the anarchist uprising in Buenos Aires, with some sources putting the death toll as high as 700 killed and 2,000 injured, while more conservative sources put the toll at 100 killed and 400 injured. The Buenos Aires police force had three officers killed and 78 injured. In the aftermath, an estimated 50,000 people were jailed.[31][88]
Forces with the small Hutsul Republic in what is now the western Ukraine clashed with Romanian troops. The Hutsul force was defeated with a loss of 18 to 41 soldiers killed, 39 to 150 wounded and 400 taken prisoner.[61]
Prince John, the youngest son of King George and Queen Mary, died in his sleep following a severe epileptic seizure at Wood Farm at 5:30p.m.[111] John, 13, had suffered from epilepsy for many years, which may have contributed to a learning disorder and by modern standards a form of autism. Queen Mary expressed relief as well as sorrow for her son's death in a letter to a close friend: "For him it is a great relief, as his malady was becoming worse as he grew older,& he has thus been spared much suffering. I cannot say how grateful we feel to God for having taken him in such a peaceful way, he just slept quietly into his heavenly home, no pain no struggle, just peace for the poor little troubled spirit which had been a great anxiety to us for many years, ever since he was four years old."[112]
Battle of Shenkursk– An Allied force of 1,100 American, British and Canadian and White Russian soldiers fought a Red Army force of 3,000 near Shenkursk, Russia. Shelling followed by a bayonet charge of 1,000 Red Army soldiers was enough to force a post of 50 American and White Russian soldiers to retreat in disorder out of one villages near the city.[119]
French aviator Jules Védrines claimed a 25,000 franc prize by landing a Caudron aircraft on the roof of a department store in Paris, though he was injured and his aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[120]
Khotyn Uprising– An uprising broke out in Ukraine city of Khotyn, Bessarabia that was under occupation of Romania, with the rebel force growing to the size of 30,000 armed militia.[148]
Serbian soldiers under command of Rudolf Maisterfired into a crowd of protesters of German ethnicity in Marburg, Slovenia, killing between 9 and 13 people and wounding another 60 persons. Marburg had formally been part of Austria-Hungary until it dissolved at the end of World War I.[172]
A general strike was called during a meeting of 3,000 workers at St. Andrew's Halls in Glasgow. The strikers demanded that the working week be reduced to 40 hours to allow more employment for soldiers returning to civilian life after the end of World War I.[29][173]
Died:Henry Pittock, American journalist, publisher of the state newspaper The Oregonian (b. 1835); Eddie Santry, American boxer, World Featherweight Champion from 1899 to 1900 (b. 1876); Franz Mehring, German communist and revolutionary socialist politician (b. 1846)
The strike in Glasgow spread when 40,000 workers from the shipyards around the River Clyde and thousands more from the nearby Lanarkshire and Stirlingshire coal mines joined in the protest, making it the largest strike for Scotland since 1820.[183] The widespread labor dispute forced the British War Cabinet to enact military intervention in Glasgow.[184]
Estonian War of Independence– A combined force of 683 Estonian and Finnish soldiers defeated 1,200 Soviet-backed Latvian Riflemen at Paju, Estonia. The Riflemen lost 300 casualties while the Estonian-Finnish force lost 156 including their own commanding officer Julius Kuperjanov, who died from wounds sustained in the battle two days later.[187]
The famed Antarctic exploration ship Nimrod ran aground during a storm off the coast of Norfolk, England, and broke apart, killing 10 of the 12 crew on board.[191]
Clay, Steven E. (2011). U. S. Army Order Of Battle 1919-1941(PDF). Volume 4. The Services: Quartermaster, Medical, Military Police, Signal Corps, Chemical Warfare, And Miscellaneous Organizations, 1919-41. Vol.4. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p.2173. ISBN9780984190140. LCCN2010022326. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
Huzjan, Vladimir (2005). "Raspuštanje Hrvatskog domobranstva nakon završetka Prvog svjetskog rata". Časopis Za Suvremenu Povijest. 37 (2). Croatian Institute of History: 445–462.
Urbankowski, Bohdan (1997). Tom Pierwszy (ed.). Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg[Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist] (in Polish). Vol.1. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo ALFA. pp.499–501. ISBN83-7001-914-5.
Ferris, John. "Treasury Control, the Ten Year Rule and British Service Policies, 1919–1924". The Historical Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4. (December 1987), pp. 859–83
Melnin, A.I. (1973). Октябрьская революция и гражданская война в Северной Осетии[The October Revolution and Civil War in North Ossetia] (in Russian). Ordzhonikidze: Ir. p.225.
Hébert, John Raymond (1972). The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath (PhD thesis). Georgetown University. p.159.
McPherson, Jim, "Mr. Meek Goes to Washington: The Story of the Small-Potatoes Canadian Baritone Who Founded America's 'National' Opera," The Opera Quarterly, volume 20, no. 2, Spring 2004
Cent ans de mise en scène lyrique en France (env. 1830-1930) H. Robert Cohen, Marie-Odile Gigou, Association de la régie théâtrale 1986 091872869X GISMONDA Musique de Henry Février Livret de Henri Cain et Louis Payen (d'après la pièce de Victorien Sardou) Créé à Chicago, 14 janvier 1919 Opéra-Comique, 15 octobre 1919 d Livret de mise en scène imprimé, reproduction de ...
Park, Edwards (November 1983). "Without Warning, Molasses in January Surged Over Boston". Smithsonian. 14 (8): 213–230. Retrieved 24 March 2013. Reprinted at Eric Postpischil's Domain, "Eric Postpischil's Molasses Disaster Pages, Smithsonian Article", June 14, 2009
Jefford, C.G. (2001). RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing. p.71. ISBN1-84037-141-2.
Magocsi, Paul Robert (2002) [1993]. "Central Europe 1918-1923". Historical Atlas of Central Europe. A History of East Central Europe. Vol.1. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p.127. ISBN0-295-98146-6. OCLC47097699.
Magliveras, Konstantinos D (1999). Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p.8. ISBN978-90-411-1239-2.
"Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties". American Journal of International Law. 14 (1/2): 95–154. 1920. doi:10.2307/2187841. JSTOR2187841.
Violations of the Laws and Customs of War: Reports of Majority and Dissenting Reports American and Japanese Members of the Commission of Responsibilities, Conference of Paris, 1919, pp. 1-2 (hereafter: Commission Report).
"Sieben Tage Krieg: Als Tschechen und Polen 1919 aufeinander schossen". Radio Prague International (in German). 21 February 2009. In particular: "Während des Siebentagekrieges töteten tschechoslowakische Soldaten sogar polnische Gefangene, das ist auf Fotos dokumentiert. Einige Quellen sagen, dass die Gefangenen mit Bajonetten erstochen wurden." ["During the Seven Day War, Czechoslovak soldiers even killed Polish prisoners, as documented in photos. Some sources say that the prisoners were stabbed with bayonets."]
Cockfield, Jamie H. White Crow: The Life and Times of the Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich Romanov, 1859-1919. Praeger, 2002, p. 245. ISBN0-275-97778-1
Riffenburgh, Beau (2004). Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton and the Extraordinary Story of the 1907–09 British Antarctic Expedition. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.306–7. ISBN0-7475-7253-4.
_01.jpg)
