List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines

The types of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines have varied throughout the country's history, from heads of ancient chiefdoms, kingdoms and sultanates in the pre-colonial period, to the leaders of Spanish, American, and Japanese colonial governments, until the directly elected president of the modern sovereign state of the Philippines.

Maginoo, Wangs, Rajahs, Lakans, Datus and Sultans of the Philippines
A couple belonging in the maginoo (noble class)
Details
Style	Maginoo Kamahalan Kapunuan
First monarch	Jayadewa (and other various rulers from the archipelago)
Last monarch	Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram (and other various rulers from the archipelago)
Formation	c. 900 (according to LCI)
Residence	Torogan (maranao, Langgal (Bangsamoro area) Bahay kubo

Archaic (pre-hispanic) Era

Before the nation of the Philippines was formed, the area of what was now the Philippines during the pre-colonial times was sets of divided nations ruled by Kings, Chieftains, Datus, Lakans, Rajahs and Sultans in Southeast Asia. It was when the Spaniards arrived that they named the collections of areas they conquered and unite in Southeast Asia as "Las Islas Filipinas" or The Islands of the Philippines.

Legendary rulers

• Legendary rulers can be found in the oral tradition in Philippine Mythology, which having an uncertain historical/archeological evidence of their reign.

Image	Name	Title held	From	Until
	Ama-ron	Like most of the male Filipino mythological heroes, he is described as an attractive well-built man who exemplifies great strength. Ama-ron is unique among other Filipino legends due to the lack of having a story on how he was born which was common with Filipino epic heroes.	Uncertain possibly Iron Age.
	Gat Pangil	Gat Pangil was a chieftain in the area now known as Laguna Province, He is mentioned in the origin legends of Bay, Laguna,Pangil, Laguna, Pakil, Laguna and Mauban, Quezon, all of which are thought to have once been under his domain.	Uncertain possibly Iron Age.

Archaic rulers

Main articles: Recorded list of Datus in the Philippines and History of the Philippines (900–1521)

Kingdom of Pangasinan (Luyag na Kaboloan)

Ruler	From	Until
Urduja	before 1368	?
Kamayin[1]	1406	1408?
Taymey[1]	1408	1409?

Historical rulers of Tondo

Image	Name	Title held	From	Until
	Unnamed	Senapati (Admiral) (Known only in the LCI as the ruler who give the pardon to Lord Namwaran and his wife Dayang Agkatan and their daughter named Bukah for their excessive debts in 900 AD.)	900?	?
	Lontok	(Gat and later Rajah) Lontok, ruler of Tondo husband of Dayang Kalangitan.	1430?	1450?
	Lakan Dula	Banaw Lakandula, Ruler of Tondo	1558?	1571
	Agustin de Legazpi	The last ruler of Tondo. He was appointed to the position after the death of Lakandula. The monarchy was dissolved by the Spanish authorities after the discovery of the Tondo conspiracy.	1575	1589

,

Recorded rulers of Namayan

Title	Name	Notes	Documented Period of Rule	Primary Sources
Lakan[2]	Tagkan[2]	Named "Lacantagcan" by Huerta and described as the ruler to whom the "original residents" of Namayan trace their origin[2]	exact years not documented; three generations prior to Calamayin	Huerta
(title not documented by Huerta[2])	Palaba	Noted by Huerta[2] as the "Principal Son" of Lakan Tagkan.	exact years not documented; two generations prior to Calamayin[2]	Huerta
(title not documented by Huerta[2])	Laboy	Noted by Franciscan genealogical records to be the son of Lakan Palaba, and the father of Lakan Kalamayin.[2]	exact years not documented; one generation prior to Calamayin[2]	Huerta
Rajah[3]	Kalamayin	Named only "Calamayin" (without title) by Huerta,[2] referred to by Scott (1984) as Rajah Kalamayin.[3] Described by Scott (1984)[3] as the paramount ruler of Namayan at the time of colonial contact.	immediately prior to and after Spanish colonial contact (ca. 1571–1575)[3]	Huerta
(no title documented by Huerta[2])	Martin*	*Huerta[2] does not mention if Kalamayin's son, baptized "Martin", held a government position during the early Spanish colonial period	early Spanish colonial period	Huerta

Legendary rulers of Namayan
Aside from the records of Huerta, a number of names of rulers are associated with Namayan by folk/oral traditions, as recounted in documents such as the will of Fernando Malang (1589) and documented by academics such as Grace Odal-Devora[4] and writers such as Nick Joaquin.[5]

Title	Name	Notes	Period of Rule	Primary Sources
Gat[attribution needed]	Lontok	In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[4] husband of Kalangitan, serving as "rulers of Pasig" together.[4]: 51	Legendary antiquity[4]	Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[4])
Dayang[attribution needed] or Sultana[4][note 1]	Kalangitan[4]	Legendary "Lady of the Pasig"[4] in Batangueño Folk Tradition and "Ruler of Sapa" in Kapampangan Folk Tradition (as documented by Odal-Devora[4]). Either the mother in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandmother (Kapampangan Tradition) of the ruler known as "Prinsipe Balagtas"[4]	Legendary antiquity[4]	Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[4])
"Princess" or "Lady" (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[4])	Sasaban	In oral Tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the Madjapahit court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.[4]: 51	prior to 1300 (according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio)[4]	Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[4]), and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[4])
Prince[4] (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[4])	Bagtas or Balagtas	In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[4] the King of Balayan and Taal who married Panginoan, daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig.: 51  In Kapampangan[4] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[4] the "grandson of Kalangitan" and a "Prince of Madjapahit" who married the "Princess Panginoan of Pampanga": 47, 51  Either the son in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandson (Kapampangan Tradition) of Kalangitan[4] In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit who married Sasaban of Sapa/Namayan. Married Princess Panginoan of Pasig at about the year 1300 in order to consolidate his family line and rule of Namayan[4]: 47, 51	ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[4]	Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[4])
"Princess" or "Lady" (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[4])	Panginoan	In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[4] the daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig, who eventually married Balagtas, King of Balayan and Taal.: 51  In Kapampangan[4] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[4] who eventually married Bagtas, the "grandson of Kalangitan.": 47, 51  In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, "Princess Panginoan of Pasig" who was married by Balagtas, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit in 1300 AD in an effort consolidate rule of Namayan[4]: 47, 51	ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[4]	Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[4])

The Datus of Madja-as

Commander-In-Chief	Image	Capital	From	Until
Datu Puti		Aklan	?	?
Datu Sumakwel		Malandong (today in Antique)	?	?
Datu Bangkaya		Aklan	?	?
Datu Paiburong		Irong-Irong	?	?
Datu Balengkaka		Aklan	?	?
Datu Manduyog		Batkcan	?	?
Datu Lubay		San Joaquín	?	?
Datu Paduhinog		Irong-Irong	?	?

The Datus of Katugasan

The Reigning Datu	Events	From	Until
Kihod	last reigning monarch of the Kedatuan of Katugasan[6]	?	1565

The Datus of Dapitan

The Reigning Datu	Events	From	Until
Sumanga	Datu Sumanga raids China to win the hand of Dayang-dayang (Princess) Bugbung Humasanum	?	?
Dailisan	The Kedatuan was destroyed by the Sultanate of Ternate	1563	?
Pagbuaya	The Kedatuan is re-established in Mindanao	?	1564
Manooc	The Kedatuan is incorporated to the Spanish Empire	?	?

Rulers of Maynila

Name	Image	Events	From	Until
Salalila		Rajah Salalila or Rajah Sulayman I By this time, Manila was already under the influence of Brunei.	1500	1515?
Matanda		Rajah Matanda or Rajah Ache	1521	1571
Sulayman		Rajah Sulayman III, Rajah of Manila	1571	1575

Legendary rulers of Maynila

Title	Name	Specifics	Dates	Primary source(/s)	Academic notes on primary source(/s)
Rajah	Avirjirkaya	According to Henson (1955),[7] he was a "Majapahit Suzerain" who ruled Maynila[7] before he was defeated in 1258[7] by a Bruneian naval commander named Rajah Ahmad,[7] who then established Manila as a Muslim principality.[7]	before 1258[8]	Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955[7]	Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",[8] published by the UP Asian Center and in turn referenced widely in semitechnical and popular texts. The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)[9] genealogical documents remains subject to scholarly peer review.[10][11]
Rajah	Ahmad	According to Henson (1955),[7] he established Manila as a Muslim[7] principality in 1258[7] by defeating the Majapahit Suzerain Rajah Avirjirkaya.[7]	c. 1258[8]	Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955[7]	Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",[8] published by the UP Asian Center and in turn referenced widely in semi-technical and popular texts. The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)[9] genealogical documents remains subject to scholarly peer review.[10][11]

Monarchs of the Butuan Rajahnate

The Royal Title of the Reigning Rajah	Image	Events	From	Until
Rajah Kiling		The Embassy of I-shu-han (李竾罕)	989	1009
Sri Bata Shaja		Mission by Likanhsieh (李于燮)	1011	?
Rajah Siagu		Annexation by Ferdinand Magellan	?	1521

Rajahs of Cebu

The Royal Title of the Reigning Rajah	Image	Events	From	Until
Sri Lumay		Founded the rajahnate, he is a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which occupied Sumatra. He was sent by the Maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces but he rebelled and established his own independent rajahnate.	c. 1200	?
Rajah Humabon		The Rajah of Cebu at the time Ferdinand Magellan arrived at Cebu and is the first Filipino chieftain to embrace Christianity.	?	?
Rajah Tupas		Last Rajah of Cebu, he ceded the Rajahnate to the Spanish Empire when he is defeated by Miguel López de Legazpi's forces in 1565.	?	1565

Sultans of Maguindanao

Sultans	Image	From	Until
Shariff Kabungsuwan		1520	1543
Sultan Maka-alang Saripada		1543	1574
Sultan Bangkaya		1574	1578
Sultan Dimasangcay Adel		1578	1585
Sultan Gugu Sarikula		1585	1597
Sultan Laut Buisan		1597	1619
Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat		1619	1671
Sultan Dundung Tidulay		1671	1678
Sultan Barahaman		1678	1699
Sultan Kahar ud-Din Kuda		1699	1702
Sultan Bayan ul-Anwar		1702	1736
Sultan Amir ud-Din (in Tamontaka)		1710	1736
Sultan Muhammad Tahir ud-Din (in Sibugay, Buayan, Malabang)		1736	1748
Sultan Rajah Muda Muhammad Khair ud-Din (paramount chief of Maguindanao by 1748)		1733	1755
Sultan Pahar ud-Din		1755	1780
Sultan Kibad Sahriyal		1780	1805
Sultan Kawasa Anwar ud-Din		1805	1830
Sultan Qudratullah Untung		1830	1854
Sultan Muhammad Makakua		1854	1884
Sultan Wata		1884	1888
No sultan Sultan Anwar ud-Din contested Datu Mamaku (son of Sultan Qudratullah Untung) of Buayan for the throne versus the then sultan Datu Mangigin of Sibugay.		1888	1896
Sultan Taha Colo		1896	1898
Sultan Mastura Kudarat		1908	1933

The Sultans of Sulu (1405–present)

Sultans	Image	From	Until
Sharif ul-Hāshim		1480	1505
Kamal ud-Din		1505	1527
Sultan Amir ul-Umara		1893	1899
Jamal ul-Kiram I		1825	1839, the progeny of the 1752 Kiram Sinsuat, Kiram Misuari and Kiram Sorronga.
Mahakuttah Kiram		1974	1986
Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram		1986

Philippines Era

Main articles: Spanish East Indies and Spanish occupation of the Philippines

The collection of islands conquered by the Spaniards was named Las islas Filipinas; a name given by Ruy López de Villalobos. It's the exact geographical location on which the modern day Republic of the Philippines based its territory.

Rulers during the Spanish colonization

During the Spanish colonization, Remaining monarchs reign until their kingdoms was absorbed to the new colonial nation of the Philippines through Spanish conquest. Many of these territories are absorbed much later.

• Rajah Colambu – King of Limasawa in 1521, brother of Rajah Siagu of Butuan. He befriended Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and guided him to Cebu on April 7, 1521.
• Rajah Humabon – King of Cebu who became an ally of Ferdinand Magellan and the Spaniards. Rival of Datu Lapu-Lapu. In 1521, he and his wife were baptized as Christians and given Christian names Carlos and Juana after the Spanish royalty, King Carlos and Queen Juana.
• Sultan Kudarat – Sultan of Maguindanao.
• Lakan Dula or Lakandula – King of Tondo, one of the last princes of Manila.
• Datu Lapu-Lapu – King of Mactan Island. He defeated the Spaniards on April 27, 1521.
• Datu Hadi Iberein – Lakan of the Lakanate of Lawan. One of the richest kings during his era at around 1543.
• Datu Sikatuna – King of Bohol in 1565. He made a blood compact with Spanish explorer, Miguel López de Legazpi.
• Datu Pagbuaya – King of Bohol. He governed with his brother Datu Dailisan, a settlement along the shorelines between Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis, which was abandoned years before the Spanish colonization due to Portuguese and Ternatean attacks. He founded Dapitan in the northern shore of Mindanao.
• Datu Dailisan – King of Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis and governed their kingdom along with his brother Datu Pagbuaya. His death during one of the Portuguese raids caused the abandonment of the settlement.
• Datu Manooc – Christian name – Pedro Manuel Manooc, son of Datu Pagbuaya who converted to Christianity, defeated the Higaonon tribe in Iligan, Mindanao. He established one of the first Christian settlements in the country.
• Datu Macabulos – King of Pampanga in 1571.
• Rajah Siagu – King of the Manobo in 1521.
• Apo Noan – Chieftain of Mandani (present day Mandaue) in 1521.
• Apo Macarere – Famous Chieftain of the Tagbanwa warrior tribe in Corong Island (Calis).
• Raja Muda Sulayman – The heir apparent of the Kingdom of Luzon, was defeated by Martín de Goiti, a Spanish soldier commissioned by López de Legazpi to Manila.
• Rajah Tupas – King of Cebu, conquered by Miguel López de Legazpi.
• Datu Urduja – Female Leader in Pangasinan.
• Datu Zula – Chieftain of Mactan, Cebu. Rival of Lapu-lapu
• Datu Kalun – Ruler of the Island of the Basilan and the Yakans in Mindanao, converted his line to Christianity
• Datu Sanday – Ruler of Marawi City
• Datu Saiden Borero – King of Antique
• unnamed Datu – King of Taytay Palawan. Mentioned by Pigafetta, chronicler of Magellan. The king, together with his wife were kidnapped by the remnant troops from Magellan's fleet after fleeing Cebu to secure provisions for their crossing to the Moluccas.
• Datu Cabaylo (Cabailo) – The last king of the Kingdom of Taytay

Monarchs of Thuringia, Rhineland and Bologna. |- (Frederick I of Thuringia) |No photo no picture | (15 January 1519 | 13 February 1560) | House of Rhineland

During Revolts against Spain (1660–1661)

Main article: Philippine revolts against Spain

Free Pampanga

Name	Image	From	Until	Notes
Francisco Maniago		1660	1661	a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Kapampangan nation in Pampanga, with him as "King of Pampanga."

Free Pangasinan

Name	Image	From	Until	Notes
Andres Malong		1660	1661	a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Pangasinense nation in Pangasinan, with him as "King of Pangasinan."

Free Ilocos

Name	Image	From	Until	Notes
Pedro Almazán		1661	1661	a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano nation in Ilocos, with him as "King of Ilocos."

British Occupation of Manila (1762–1764)

Main articles: British occupation of Manila and Governor-General of the Philippines

Great Britain occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War.

Monarch	Image	From	Until	House
George III		November 2, 1762	May 31, 1764	Hanover

Independent Ilocos (1762–1763)

Main article: Philippine revolts against Spain

Free Ilocos

Name	Image	From	Until	Notes
Diego Silang		1762	1763	a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired with British forces to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano nation.

Under New Spain (1764–1821)

Main article: Governor-General of the Philippines

Monarch	Image	From	Until	House
Charles III		August 10, 1759	December 14, 1788	Bourbon
Charles IV		December 14, 1788	March 19, 1808
Ferdinand VII		March 19, 1808	May 6, 1808
Joseph I		December 11, 1813	September 29, 1833	Bonaparte

Emperor

Main article: Philippine revolts against Spain

Philippines

Name	Image	From	Until	Notes
Andrés Novales		1823	1823	His discontentment with the treatment of creole soldiers led him to start a revolt in 1823 that inspired even the ranks of José Rizal. He successfully captured Intramuros and was proclaimed Emperor of the Philippines by his followers. However, he was defeated within the day by Spanish reinforcements from Pampanga.[12]

Spanish East Indies (1821–1898)

Main article: Governor-General of the Philippines

After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Crown.

Monarch	Image	From	Until	House
Joseph I		December 11, 1813	September 29, 1833	Bonaparte
Ferdinand VII		December 11, 1813	September 29, 1833	Bourbon
Isabella II		September 29, 1833	September 30, 1868
Amadeo I		December 4, 1870	February 11, 1873	Savoy
President	Image	From	Until	Party
Estanislao Figueras		February 12, 1873	June 11, 1873	Federal Democratic Republican Party
Francesc Pi i Margall		June 11, 1873	July 18, 1873
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso		July 18, 1873	September 7, 1873
Emilio Castelar y Ripoll		September 7, 1873	January 3, 1874
Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre		January 3, 1874	December 30, 1874	Conservative
Monarch	Image	From	Until	House
Alfonso XII		December 30, 1874	November 25, 1885	Bourbon
Alfonso XIII		May 17, 1886	December 10, 1898

Revolutionary Republics and States

The Ruling Leaders during Philippine Revolution

Main articles: Philippine Revolution, First Philippine Republic, and Presidents of the Philippines

Tagalog Republic

President	Image	From	Until
Andres Bonifacio		1896	1897

Biak-na-Bato – 1897

President	Image	From	Until
Emilio Aguinaldo		1897	December 15, 1897

First Philippine Republic – Continuation 1901–1902

President	Image	From	Until
Emilio Aguinaldo		1897	1901
Miguel Malvar		1901	1902

Tagalog Republic – Continuation 1902–1906

President	Image	From	Until
Macario Sakay		1902	1906

Republic of Zamboanga – 1899–1903

President	Image	From	Until
Vicente Alvarez		1899	1899
Isidro Midel		1899	1901
Mariano Arquiza		1901	1903

Negros Republic – 1898–1901

President	Image	From	Until
Aniceto Lacson		1898	1899
Melecio Severino		1899	1901

United States Military Government (1898–1901)

See also: United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands, American occupation of the Philippines, and Governor-General of the Philippines

The American military government was established following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–American War. During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.

President	Image	From	Until	Party
William McKinley		December 10, 1898	September 14, 1901	Republican

Insular Government (1901–1935)

See also: Insular Government, American occupation of the Philippines, and Governor-General of the Philippines

On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with civil governor, William Howard Taft.^[13] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.^[14] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.^[15] Chaffee remained as commander of Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.^[16]

The title was changed to Governor General in 1905 by an act of Congress (Public 43 – February 6, 1905).^[15] The term "insular" (from insulam, the Latin word for island)^[17] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.^[18][19]

President	Image	From	Until	Party
William McKinley		December 10, 1898	September 14, 1901	Republican
Theodore Roosevelt		September 14, 1901	March 4, 1909
William Howard Taft		March 4, 1909	March 4, 1913
Woodrow Wilson		March 4, 1913	March 4, 1921	Democratic
Warren G. Harding		March 4, 1921	August 2, 1923	Republican
Calvin Coolidge		August 2, 1923	March 4, 1929
Herbert Hoover		March 4, 1929	March 4, 1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt		March 4, 1933	April 12, 1945	Democratic
Harry S. Truman		April 12, 1945	July 4, 1946

Philippine Commonwealth (1935–1946)

See also: Commonwealth of the Philippines, American occupation of the Philippines, and Presidents of the Philippines

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.

After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.

President	Image	From	Until	Party
Manuel L. Quezon		November 15, 1935	August 1, 1944	Nacionalista
Sergio Osmeña		August 1, 1944	May 28, 1946
Manuel Roxas		May 28, 1946	April 15, 1948	Liberal

Japanese Military Governors (1942–1945)

See also: Japanese occupation of the Philippines, Philippine Executive Commission, and Governor-General of the Philippines

In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Empire of Japan sent a military governor to control the country during wartime, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet second republic.^[20]

Emperor	Image	From	Until	House
Hirohito		January 3, 1942	September 2, 1945	Imperial House of Japan

Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)

See also: Second Philippine Republic, Japanese occupation of the Philippines, and Presidents of the Philippines

The Second Republic was inaugurated on October 14, 1943, in Manila, and ended when President Jose P. Laurel dissolved the republic on August 17, 1945, in Tokyo.

President	Image	From	Until	Party
Jose P. Laurel		October 14, 1943	August 17, 1945	KALIBAPI

Third Philippine Republic (1946–1972)

See also: Third Philippine Republic and Presidents of the Philippines

The Third Republic started when independence was granted by the Americans on July 4, 1946, and ended upon the imposition of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972.

President	Image	From	Until	Party
Manuel Roxas		May 28, 1946	April 15, 1948	Liberal
Elpidio Quirino		April 17, 1948	December 30, 1953
Ramon Magsaysay		December 30, 1953	March 17, 1957	Nacionalista
Carlos P. Garcia		March 18, 1957	December 30, 1961
Diosdado Macapagal		December 30, 1961	December 30, 1965	Liberal
Ferdinand Marcos		December 30, 1965	February 25, 1986	Nacionalista

Martial law, New Society, and the Fourth Philippine Republic (1972–1987)

See also: Fourth Philippine Republic and Presidents of the Philippines

President Ferdinand Marcos ruled by decree when he declared martial law on September 23, 1972. He inaugurated the "New Society" after a new constitution was ratified on January 17, 1973. He declared the Fourth Republic on January 17, 1981, after martial law was lifted.

President	Image	From	Until	Party
Ferdinand Marcos		December 30, 1965	February 25, 1986	Nacionalista, later KBL
Corazon Aquino		February 25, 1986	June 30, 1992	UNIDO

Provisional Government and Fifth Philippine Republic (1987–Present)

See also: Fifth Philippine Republic and Presidents of the Philippines

President Corazon Aquino, after ascending into office, issued Proclamation No. 3, the Freedom Constitution, ending the Fourth Republic and ushering in the Provisional Government. This called for the adoption of certain provisions of the 1973 constitution, but called for a constitutional commission that shall write a new one. She inaugurated the Fifth Republic after the present constitution was ratified. The plebiscite took place on February 2, 1987.

President	Image	From	Until	Party
Corazon Aquino		February 25, 1986	June 30, 1992	UNIDO, later independent
Fidel V. Ramos		June 30, 1992	June 30, 1998	Lakas
Joseph Ejercito Estrada		June 30, 1998	January 20, 2001	LAMMP
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo		January 20, 2001	June 30, 2010	Lakas, later Lakas–Kampi
Benigno S. Aquino III		June 30, 2010	June 30, 2016	Liberal
Rodrigo Roa Duterte		June 30, 2016	June 30, 2022	PDP–Laban
Bongbong Marcos		June 30, 2022	Present	Partido Federal ng Pilipinas

See also

• President of the Philippines
• Governor-General of the Philippines
• Filipino styles and honorifics
• Heads of state and government of the Philippines
• First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines
• List of ancient Philippine consorts
• List of presidents of the Philippines
• List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines
• Vice President of the Philippines
• List of vice presidents of the Philippines
• Prime Minister of the Philippines (now defunct)
• Seal of the president of the Philippines
• List of current heads of state and government

Notes

1. The term "Sultana" is used by Odal-Devora in her essay The River Dwellers (2000, page 47), saying "This Prince Bagtas, a grandson of Sultana Kalangitan, the Lady of Pasig, was also said to have ruled the Kingdom of Namayan or Sapa, in the present Sta Ana-Mandaluyong-San Juan- Makati Area. This would explain the Pasig-Sta Ana-Tondo-Bulacan-Pampanga-Batangas interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites."

Subnotes

References

1. Scott, William Henry. Filipinos in China before 1500 (PDF).
2. Huerta, Felix, de (1865). Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
4. Odal-Devora, Grace P. (2000). "The River Dwellers". In Alejandro, Reynaldo Gamboa (ed.). Pasig: River of Life. Water Series Trilogy. Unilever Philippines. ISBN 978-9719227205.
5. Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young. City of Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-971-569-313-4.
6. "Information gather from the island of Siquijor".
7. Henson, Mariano A (1955). The Province of Pampanga and its towns (A.D. 1300–1955) with the genealogy of the rulers of central Luzon. Manila: Villanueva Books.
8. Majul, César Adib (1973). Muslims in the Philippines. Diliman: University of the Philippines Asian Center.
9. Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-9711002268.
10. Dery, Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-971-10-1069-0.
11. Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 (4): 291–320. doi:10.1023/A:1022611908759. S2CID 141415414.
12. Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila,My Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc.
13. Elliott (1917), p. 4
14. Tanner (1901), p. 383
15. Elliott (1917), p. 509
16. Philippine Academy of Social Sciences (1967). Philippine social sciences and humanities review. pp. 40.
17. "Island – from English to Latin". Google Translate. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
18. "Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations" Archived September 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of the Interior.
19. "Insular". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
20. Cahoon (2000)

Works cited

• Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; Guerrero, Milagros C. (1970). History of the Filipino People (3rd ed.). Malaya Books.
• Chandler, David Porter; Steinberg, David Joel (1987). In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History (Revised ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1110-0.
• Philippine Electoral Almanac (PDF) (Revised and expanded ed.). Manila: Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 2015. ISBN 978-971-95551-6-2 – via Internet Archive.
• Tucker, Spencer, ed. (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 1 (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.

External links

• Office of the President of the Philippines
• The Presidential Museum and Library
• Philippine Heads of State Timeline at www.worldstatesmen.org