Hydromorphone
Opioid medication used for pain relief / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand name Dilaudid among others, is a morphinan opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain.[6] Typically, long-term use is only recommended for pain due to cancer.[8] It may be used by mouth or by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin.[6] Effects generally begin within half an hour and last for up to five hours.[6] A 2016 Cochrane review (updated in 2021) found little difference in benefit between hydromorphone and other opioids for cancer pain.[9]
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Trade names | Dilaudid, Palladone, others |
Other names | Dihydromorphinone |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682013 |
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Dependence liability | High[2] |
Addiction liability | High[3] |
Routes of administration | By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous |
Drug class | Opioid |
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Bioavailability | By mouth: 30–35%, Intranasal: 52–58%,[5] IV/IM: 100% |
Protein binding | 20% |
Metabolism | Liver |
Onset of action | 15 to 30 min[6] |
Elimination half-life | 2–3 hours[7] |
Duration of action | 4 to 5 hrs[6] |
Excretion | Kidney |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.006.713 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C17H19NO3 |
Molar mass | 285.343 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Solubility in water | HCl salt: 333 |
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Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, itchiness, and constipation.[6] Serious side effects may include abuse, low blood pressure, seizures, respiratory depression, and serotonin syndrome.[6] Rapidly decreasing the dose may result in opioid withdrawal.[6] Generally, use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended.[10] Hydromorphone is believed to work by activating opioid receptors, mainly in the brain and spinal cord.[6] Hydromorphone 2 mg IV is equivalent to approximately 10 mg morphine IV.[8]
Hydromorphone was patented in 1923.[11] Hydromorphone is made from morphine.[12] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[13] It is available as a generic medication.[6] In 2021, it was the 261st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.[14][15]