Strategic voting
Choosing a candidate other than preferred to undercut a less desired one / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Strategic or tactical voting is a situation where a voter casts a ballot in a way other than to obtain a more desirable outcome.[1] For example, in a plurality or instant-runoff voting, a voter can gain a better outcome by supporting a less-preferred but more broadly popular candidate (a strategy called favorite betrayal, lesser-evil voting, or compromising[2]).
Gibbard's theorem shows that all voting systems for choosing between more than three candidates can sometimes encourage dishonest voting. With two candidates, only majority rule is an exception, although score voting guarantees weak sincerity (an honestly-ordered ballot) for up to three candidates.
For multi-winner elections strategic voting applies as well as shown by Duggan–Schwartz theorem. In large electoral districts, party list methods tend to be difficult to manipulate when using a low-bias apportionment method (like Webster or Huntington-Hill) and no electoral threshold. However, biased apportionment methods can create opportunities for strategic voting, as can small electoral districts (e.g. those used in the single transferable vote).