United States Secretary of Energy

The United States secretary of energy is the head of the United States Department of Energy, a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and fifteenth in the presidential line of succession. The position was created on October 1, 1977, when President Jimmy Carter signed the Department of Energy Organization Act, establishing the department.^[2] The energy secretary and the department originally focused on energy production and regulation. The emphasis soon shifted to developing technology for better and more efficient energy sources, as well as energy education. After the end of the Cold War, the department's attention also turned toward radioactive waste disposal and the maintenance of environmental quality.^[3] Former secretary of defense James Schlesinger served as the first secretary of energy. As a Republican nominated to the post by Democratic president Jimmy Carter, Schlesinger's appointment marks the only time a president has chosen a member of another political party for the position. Schlesinger is also the only secretary to be dismissed from the post.^[4] Hazel O'Leary, Bill Clinton's first secretary of energy, was the first female and first African American to hold the position.^[5] The first Hispanic to serve as Energy Secretary was Clinton's second energy secretary, Federico Peña.^[6] Spencer Abraham became the first Arab American to hold the position on January 20, 2001, serving under the administration of George W. Bush. Steven Chu became the first Asian American to hold the position on January 20, 2009, serving under president Barack Obama. Chu was also the longest-serving secretary of energy and the first individual to join the Cabinet after having received a Nobel Prize.^[7]

United States Secretary of Energy
Seal of the department
Flag of the secretary
Incumbent Jennifer Granholm since February 25, 2021
United States Department of Energy
Style	Madam Secretary (informal) The Honorable (formal)
Member of	United States Cabinet United States National Security Council
Reports to	President of the United States
Seat	James V. Forrestal Building, Washington, D.C.
Appointer	The President of the United States with Senate advice and consent
Term length	No fixed term
Constituting instrument	42 U.S.C. § 7131
Formation	August 6, 1977
First holder	James R. Schlesinger
Succession	Fifteenth[1]
Deputy	Deputy Secretary
Salary	Executive Schedule, level I
Website	Energy.gov

President Joe Biden's nominee to be Secretary of Energy, former Michigan governor Jennifer Granholm, was confirmed on February 25, 2021. Granholm is the second woman to lead the Department of Energy.^[8]

Nuclear weapons

In addition to responsibilities related to generation and use of energy, the secretary is the most senior official other than the president of the United States or Secretary of Defense with primary responsibility for the nation's ~3,800 viable nuclear weapons. This arrangement is intended to maintain full civilian control over strategic weapons, except as directed by the president for specific military uses.^[9] The department of energy is responsible for the building, maintenance, and disposal of all nuclear weapons within the United States' arsenal in addition to safeguarding these weapons when they are not actively deployed in military service.^[10] Under the terms of several successive treaties, most recently New START, the United States has reduced its strategic arsenal to 1500 deployed weapons. Consequently, many older legacy weapons systems have been dismantled or scheduled for dismantlement, with their core radioactive fuel - generally plutonium - being reprocessed into reactor-grade or space exploration fuel.^[11]

List of secretaries of energy

Parties

  Democratic (7)   Republican (9)^{[citation needed]}

Status

  Acting Secretary of Energy

No.	Portrait	Name	State of residence	Took office	Left office	Party	President(s)
1		James Schlesinger	Virginia	August 6, 1977	August 23, 1979	Republican		Jimmy Carter
2		Charles Duncan	Texas	August 24, 1979	January 20, 1981	Democratic
3		James Edwards	South Carolina	January 23, 1981	November 5, 1982	Republican		Ronald Reagan
4		Donald Hodel	Oregon	November 5, 1982	February 7, 1985	Republican
5		John Herrington	California	February 7, 1985	January 20, 1989	Republican
6		James Watkins	California	March 1, 1989	January 20, 1993	Republican		George H. W. Bush
7		Hazel O'Leary	Virginia	January 22, 1993	January 20, 1997	Democratic		Bill Clinton
–		Charles B. Curtis	Pennsylvania	January 20, 1997	March 12, 1997	Democratic
8		Federico Peña	Colorado	March 12, 1997	June 30, 1998	Democratic
9		Bill Richardson	New Mexico	August 18, 1998	January 20, 2001	Democratic
10		Spencer Abraham	Michigan	January 20, 2001	February 1, 2005	Republican		George W. Bush
11		Samuel Bodman	Illinois	February 1, 2005	January 20, 2009	Republican
12		Steven Chu	California	January 20, 2009	April 22, 2013	Democratic		Barack Obama
–		Daniel Poneman	Ohio	April 22, 2013	May 21, 2013	Democratic
13		Ernest Moniz	Massachusetts	May 21, 2013	January 20, 2017	Democratic
–		Grace Bochenek		January 20, 2017	March 2, 2017			Donald Trump
14		Rick Perry	Texas	March 2, 2017	December 1, 2019	Republican
15		Dan Brouillette	Texas	December 1, 2019	December 4, 2019	Republican
				December 4, 2019	January 20, 2021
–		David Huizenga		January 20, 2021	February 25, 2021	Democratic		Joe Biden
16		Jennifer Granholm	Michigan	February 25, 2021	Incumbent	Democratic

See also

• United States Secretary of Transportation
• White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy

References

1. "3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
2. "Origins". U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
3. "The Clinton Administration". The Washington Post. February 18, 2000. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
4. "Biography of James Schlesinger Origins". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
5. "President Hazel R. O'Leary Honored by Urban League". Fisk University. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
6. "Federico F. Peña to be Sworn in as the Eighth Secretary of Energy". U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
7. Rudin, Ken (December 15, 2008). "npr.org". NPR. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
8. "Secretaries of Energy". Energy.gov. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
9. "Atomic Energy Act of 1946" (PDF). US Library of Congress. Retrieved September 22, 2024.
10. "Maintaining the Stockpile". US Department of Energy. Retrieved September 22, 2024.
11. "Military Warheads as a Source of Nuclear Fuel". World Nuclear Association. Retrieved September 22, 2024.

External links

U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by Pete Buttigieg as Secretary of Transportation	Order of precedence of the United States as Secretary of Energy	Succeeded by Miguel Cardona as Secretary of Education
U.S. presidential line of succession
Preceded by Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg	15th in line Ineligible	Succeeded by Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona