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Ruthenium |
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Pronunciation | (roo-THEE-nee-əm) |
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Appearance | sillery white metallic |
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Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Ru) | 7002101070000000000♠101.07(2)[1] |
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Ruthenium in the periodic cairt |
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Atomic nummer (Z) | 44 |
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Group | group 8 |
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Period | period 5 |
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Block | d-block |
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Element category | Transeetion metal |
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Electron confeeguration | [Kr] 4d7 5s1 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 |
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Pheesical properties |
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Phase at STP | solit |
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Meltin pynt | 2607 K (2334 °C, 4233 °F) |
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Bylin pynt | 4423 K (4150 °C, 7502 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 12.45 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 10.65 g/cm3 |
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Heat o fusion | 38.59 kJ/mol |
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Heat o vapourisation | 591.6 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 24.06 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapour pressur
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
2588 |
2811 |
3087 |
3424 |
3845 |
4388 |
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Atomic properties |
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Oxidation states | −4, −2, 0, +1,[2] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.2 |
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Atomic radius | empirical: 134 pm |
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Covalent radius | 146±7 pm |
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Spectral lines o ruthenium |
Ither properties |
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Naitural occurrence | primordial |
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Creestal structur | hexagonal close-packed (hcp) |
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Speed o soond thin rod | 5970 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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Thermal expansion | 6.4 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 117 W/(m·K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 71 n Ω·m (at 0 °C) |
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Magnetic orderin | paramagnetic[3] |
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Young's modulus | 447 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 173 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 220 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.30 |
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Mohs haurdness | 6.5 |
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Brinell haurdness | 2160 MPa |
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CAS Nummer | 7440-18-8 |
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History |
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Diskivery | Jędrzej Śniadecki (1807) |
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First isolation | Jędrzej Śniadecki (1807) |
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Recognised as a distinct element by | Karl Ernst Claus (1844) |
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Main isotopes o ruthenium |
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Isotope |
Abundance |
Hauf-life (t1/2) |
Decay mode |
Product |
96Ru |
5.52% |
>6.7×1016 y |
(β+β+) |
96Mo |
97Ru |
syn |
2.9 d |
ε |
97Tc |
γ |
- |
98Ru |
1.88% |
- |
(SF) |
- |
99Ru |
12.7% |
- |
(SF) |
- |
100Ru |
12.6% |
- |
(SF) |
- |
101Ru |
17.0% |
- |
(SF) |
- |
102Ru |
31.6% |
- |
(SF) |
- |
103Ru |
syn |
39.26 d |
β− |
103Rh |
γ |
- |
104Ru |
18.7% |
- |
(β−β−) |
104Pd |
106Ru |
syn |
373.59 d |
β− |
106Rh |
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Decay modes in parentheses is predict, but hisna yet been observed |
| references |