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Pronunciation | (roo-THEE-nee-əm) |
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Appearance | silvery white metallic |
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| 101.07(2)[1] |
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Atomic number (Z) | 44 |
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Group | group 8 |
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Period | period 5 |
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Block | d-block |
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Electron configuration | [Kr] 4d7 5s1 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 2607 K (2334 °C, 4233 °F) |
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Boiling point | 4423 K (4150 °C, 7502 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 12.45 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 10.65 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 38.59 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 619 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 24.06 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
2588 |
2811 |
3087 |
3424 |
3845 |
4388 |
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Oxidation states | −4, −2, 0, +1,[2] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.2 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 710.2 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1620 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 2747 kJ/mol
-
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Atomic radius | empirical: 134 pm |
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Covalent radius | 146±7 pm |
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Spectral lines of ruthenium |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | hexagonal close-packed (hcp) |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 5970 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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Thermal expansion | 6.4 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 117 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 71 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic[3] |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | +39×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[3] |
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Young's modulus | 447 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 173 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 220 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.30 |
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Mohs hardness | 6.5 |
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Brinell hardness | 2160 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-18-8 |
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Naming | after Ruthenia, the 19th-century Latin name for Russia[lower-alpha 1] |
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Discovery and first isolation | Karl Ernst Claus (1844) |
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Main isotopes[6] |
Decay |
|
abundance |
half-life (t1/2) |
mode |
product |
96Ru |
5.54% |
stable |
97Ru |
synth |
2.9 d |
ε |
97Tc |
γ |
– |
98Ru |
1.87% |
stable |
99Ru |
12.8% |
stable |
100Ru |
12.6% |
stable |
101Ru |
17.1% |
stable |
102Ru |
31.6% |
stable |
103Ru |
synth |
39.26 d |
β− |
103Rh |
γ |
– |
104Ru |
18.6% |
stable |
106Ru |
synth |
373.59 d |
β− |
106Rh |
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Category: Ruthenium | references |