Osaka Prefecture

Osaka Prefecture (大阪府, Ōsaka-fu, pronounced [oːsaka ɸɯ]) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu.^[2] Osaka Prefecture has a population of 8,778,035 (as of 1 April 2022^[update]) and has a geographic area of 1,905 square kilometres (736 sq mi). Osaka Prefecture borders Hyōgo Prefecture to the northwest, Kyoto Prefecture to the north, Nara Prefecture to the southeast, and Wakayama Prefecture to the south.

Osaka Prefecture 大阪府
Prefecture
Japanese transcription(s)
• Japanese	大阪府
• Rōmaji	Ōsaka-fu
Flag Symbol
Coordinates: 34°41′11″N 135°31′12″E
Country	Japan
Region	Kansai
Island	Honshu
Capital	Osaka
Subdivisions	Districts: 5, Municipalities: 43
Government
• Governor	Hirofumi Yoshimura
Area
• Total	1,905.14 km2 (735.58 sq mi)
• Rank	46th
Population  (1 July 2019)
• Total	8,823,358
• Rank	3rd
• Density	4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
GDP [1]
• Total	JP¥ 41,188 billion US$ 377.9 billion (2019)
ISO 3166 code	JP-27
Website	www.pref.osaka.lg.jp.e.agb.hp.transer.com
Symbols of Japan
Bird	Bull-headed shrike (Lanius bucephalus)
Flower	Japanese apricot (Prunus mume) Primrose (Primula sieboldii)
Tree	Ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba)

Osaka is the capital and largest city of Osaka Prefecture, and the third-largest city in Japan, with other major cities including Sakai, Higashiōsaka, and Hirakata.^[3] Osaka Prefecture is located on the western coast of the Kii Peninsula, forming the western is open to Osaka Bay. Osaka Prefecture is the third-most-populous prefecture, but by geographic area the second-smallest; at 4,600 inhabitants per square kilometre (12,000/sq mi) it is the second-most densely populated, below only Tokyo. Osaka Prefecture is one of Japan's two "urban prefectures" using the designation fu (府) rather than the standard ken for prefectures, along with Kyoto Prefecture. Osaka Prefecture forms the center of the Keihanshin metropolitan area, the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world's most productive regions by GDP.

History

See also: Historic Sites of Osaka Prefecture and Osaka § History

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1890	1,324,216	—
1903	1,823,456	+2.49%
1913	2,461,067	+3.04%
1920	2,587,847	+0.72%
1925	3,059,502	+3.41%
1930	3,540,017	+2.96%
1935	4,297,174	+3.95%
1940	4,792,966	+2.21%
1945	2,800,958	−10.19%
1950	3,857,047	+6.61%
1955	4,618,308	+3.67%
1960	5,504,746	+3.57%
1965	6,657,189	+3.87%
1970	7,620,480	+2.74%
1975	8,278,925	+1.67%
1980	8,473,446	+0.47%
1985	8,668,095	+0.46%
1990	8,734,516	+0.15%
1995	8,797,268	+0.14%
2000	8,805,081	+0.02%
2005	8,817,166	+0.03%
2010	8,865,245	+0.11%
2015	8,838,908	−0.06%
source:[4]

Prior to the Meiji Restoration, the modern-day area of Osaka Prefecture was split between Kawachi, Izumi,^[5][6] and Settsu provinces.^[7]

Osaka Prefecture was created on June 21, 1868, at the very beginning of the Meiji era.^[8] During the instigation of Fuhanken Sanchisei in 1868, the prefecture received its suffix fu, designating it as a prefecture.

On September 1, 1956, the city of Osaka was promoted to a city designated by government ordinance and thereby divided into 24 wards. Sakai became the second city in the prefecture to be promoted to a city designated by government ordinance on April 1, 2006, and was divided into seven wards.

In 2000, Fusae Ota became Japan's first female governor when she replaced Knock Yokoyama, who resigned after prosecution for sexual harassment.^[9] Tōru Hashimoto, previously famous as a counselor on television, was elected in 2008 at the age of 38, becoming the youngest governor in Japan.^[10]

On June 18, 2018, an earthquake struck the northern region of the prefecture. It killed 4 people and caused minor damage across Greater Osaka.^[11]

Proposed reorganisation

Main article: Osaka Metropolis plan

In 2010, the Osaka Restoration Association was created with backing by Governor Tōru Hashimoto, with hopes of reforming Osaka Prefecture into the Osaka Metropolis and merging with the City of Osaka.^[10] In the 2011 local elections, the association was able to win the majority of the prefectural seats and Hashimoto was elected as mayor of Osaka.

A referendum on the issue was held in 2015 and was defeated with 50.38% of voters opposed to the plan.^[10] A second referendum in 2020 was rejected by 50.6% of voters.^[12]

Geography

Osaka Prefecture neighbors the prefectures of Hyōgo and Kyoto in the north, Nara in the east and Wakayama in the south. The Yodo and Yamato Rivers flow through the prefecture.

Prior to the construction of Kansai International Airport, Osaka was the smallest prefecture in Japan. The artificial island on which the airport was built added enough area to make it slightly larger than Kagawa Prefecture.^[13][14]

As of 1 April 2012, 11% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely Kongō-Ikoma-Kisen and Meiji no Mori Minō Quasi-National Parks and Hokusetsu and Hannan-Misaki Prefectural Natural Parks.^[15]

Municipalities

See also: List of cities in Osaka Prefecture by population

Map of Osaka Prefecture
     Government Ordinance Designated City      City      Town      Village

Osaka Prefectural Office

Sakai and Daisenryo Kofun Mozu Tomb

Takatsuki

Since 2005, Osaka consists of 43 municipalities: 33 cities, nine towns and one village. As of 2021, the 33 cities include two designated major cities, seven core cities and two (transitional) special case cities (after legal abolition in 2015, to be replaced with the core city system in the 2020s).

Flag, name w/o suffix	Full name			District (-gun)	Area (km2)	Population	Map	LPE code (w/o pref. [27...], checksum [-x])
	Japanese	transcription	translation
Daitō	大東市	Daitō-shi	Daitō City	–	18.27	119,329		218
Fujidera	藤井寺市	Fujidera-shi	Fujidera City	–	8.89	65,075		226
Habikino	羽曳野市	Habikino-shi	Habikino City	–	26.44	113,256		222
Hannan	阪南市	Hannan-shi	Hannan City	–	36.1	55,798		232
Higashiōsaka	東大阪市	Higashi-Ōsaka-shi	Higashi-Osaka City (East Osaka City)	–	61.78	495,011		227
Hirakata	枚方市	Hirakata-shi	Hirakata City	–	65.08	401,449		210
Ibaraki	茨木市	Ibaraki-shi	Ibaraki City	–	76.52	280,562		211
Ikeda	池田市	Ikeda-shi	Ikeda City	–	22.09	103,028		204
Izumi	和泉市	Izumi-shi	Izumi City	–	84.98	186,370		219
Izumiōtsu	泉大津市	Izumi-Ōtsu-shi	Izumi-Ōtsu City (as opposed to Ōtsu City in Ōmi Province)	–	13.36	75,398		206
Izumisano	泉佐野市	Izumi-Sano-shi	Izumi-Sano City (as opposed to Sano City in Shimotsuke Province)	–	55.03	100,649		213
Kadoma	門真市	Kadoma-shi	Kadoma City	–	12.28	124,516		223
Kaizuka	貝塚市	Kaizuka-shi	Kaizuka City	–	43.99	88,345		208
Kashiwara	柏原市	Kashiwara-shi	Kashiwara City	–	25.39	76,383		221
Katano	交野市	Katano-shi	Katano City	–	25.55	76,383		230
Kawachinagano	河内長野市	Kawachi-Nagano-shi	Kawachi-Nagano City (as opposed to Nagano City in Shinano Province)	–	109.61	105,872		216
Kishiwada	岸和田市	Kishiwada-shi	Kishiwada City	–	72.68	197,629		202
Matsubara	松原市	Matsubarashi	Matsubara City	–	16.66	121,125		217
Minoh	箕面市	Minoo-shi	Minoo City	–	47.84	134,435		220
Moriguchi	守口市	Moriguchi-shi	Moriguchi City	–	12.73	143,877		209
Neyagawa	寝屋川市	Neyagawa-shi	Neyagawa City	–	24.73	236,758		215
Osaka (capital)	大阪市	Ōsaka-shi	Osaka City	–	225.21	2,668,586		100
Ōsakasayama	大阪狭山市	Ōsaka-Sayama-shi	Osaka-Sayama City (as opposed to Sayama City in Saitama)	–	11.86	57,993		231
Sakai	堺市	Sakai-shi	Sakai City	–	149.82	828,741		140
Sennan	泉南市	Sennan-shi	Sennan City (Sen[shū] South City) (after Sennan District)	–	48.48	62,076		228
Settsu	摂津市	Settsu-shi	Settsu City	–	14.88	85,290		224
Shijōnawate	四條畷市	Shijōnawate-shi	Shijōnawate City	–	18.74	55,832		229
Suita	吹田市	Suita-shi	Suita City	–	36.11	378,322		205
Takaishi	高石市	Takaishi-shi	Takaishi City	–	11.35	56,583		225
Takatsuki	高槻市	Takatsuki-shi	Takatsuki City	–	105.31	350,914		207
Tondabayashi	富田林市	Tondabayashi-shi	Tondabayashi City	–	39.66	112,993		214
Toyonaka	豊中市	Toyonaka-shi	Toyonaka City	–	36.38	396,014		203
Yao	八尾市	Yaoshi	Yao City	–	41.71	268,013		212
Chihayaakasaka	千早赤阪村	Chihaya-Akasaka-mura	Chihaya-Akasaka Village	Minami- (=South) Kawachi	37.38	5,467		383
Kanan	河南町	Kanan-chō	Kanan Town		25.26	16,027		382
Taishi	太子町	Taishi-chō	Taishi Town		14.17	13,634		381
Kumatori	熊取町	Kumatori-chō	Kumatori Town	Sennan (=Sen[shū] South)	17.23	43,988		361
Misaki	岬町	Misakichō	Misaki Town		49.08	16,267		366
Tajiri	田尻町	Tajiri-chō	Tajiri Town		4.96	8,377		362
Nose	能勢町	Nose-chō	Nose Town	Toyono	98.68	9,971		322
Toyono	豊能町	Toyono-chō	Toyono Town		34.37	19,519		321
Shimamoto	島本町	Shimamoto-chō	Shimamoto Town	Mishima	16.78	29,970		301
Tadaoka	忠岡町	Tadaoka-chō	Tadaoka Town	Senboku (=Sen[shū] North)	4.03	17,187		341
Osaka	大阪府	Ōsaka-fu	Osaka Prefecture	–	1,905.14	8,823,358		000 ISO: JP-27

Mergers

Main article: List of mergers in Osaka Prefecture

After the modern reactivation of districts in 1878/79, Osaka, including Sakai which was only merged into Osaka in 1881, consisted of 5 urban districts (-ku) and 27 rural districts (-gun), excluding 15 districts in Yamato Province which was later separated from Osaka as Nara Prefecture in 1887. When the prefectures were subdivided into modern municipalities in 1889, the five urban districts were turned into two district-independent cities: Osaka City and Sakai City, and Osaka's [rural] districts were subdivided into 12 towns and 310 villages. After Osaka City had absorbed many surrounding municipalities in the interwar/Taishō period, the number of municipalities in Osaka had already dropped to 149 by 1953. The Great Shōwa mergers of the 1950s reduced the total to 47 by 1961, including 26 cities by then. The current total of 43 was reached during the Great Heisei mergers in 2005.

Economy

Diamond district in Umeda

Osaka Garden City

Osaka castle

Osaka business park

Universal Studios Japan

Kansai International Airport

Umeda Sky Building

Famous advertisement by Glico man in Dōtonbori (middle-left)

The gross prefecture product of Osaka for the fiscal year 2004 was ¥38.7 trillion, second after Tokyo with an increase of 0.9% from the previous year. This represented approximately 48% of the Kinki region. The per capita income was ¥3.0 million, seventh in the nation.^[16] Commercial sales the same year was ¥60.1 trillion.^[17]

Overshadowed by such globally renowned electronics giants as Panasonic and Sharp, the other side of Osaka's economy can be characterized by its Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) activities. The number of SMEs based in Osaka in 2006 was 330,737, accounting for 99.6% of the total number of businesses in the prefecture.^[18] While this proportion is similar to other prefectures (the average nationwide was 99.7%), the manufactured output of the SMEs amounted to 65.4% of the total within the prefecture, a rate significantly higher than Tokyo's 55.5%, or Kanagawa's 38.4%.^[19] One model from Osaka of serving the public interest and restimulating the regional economy, combined with industry-education cooperation efforts, is the Astro-Technology SOHLA,^[20] with its artificial satellite project.^[21] Having originally started from a gathering of Higashiosaka based SMEs, Astro-Technology SOHLA has not only grown into a Kansai region-wide group but has also won support from the government, through technology and material support from Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA),^[22] and financial support from NEDO.^[23][24]

The Osaka Securities Exchange, specializing in derivatives such as Nikkei 225 Futures, is based in Osaka.

There are many electrical, chemical, pharmaceutical, heavy industry, food, and housing companies in Osaka Prefecture.

Osaka city skyline at dusk viewed from the Umeda Sky Building

Major companies

Main page: Category:Companies based in Osaka Prefecture

Major factories and research institutes

Main articles: Hanshin Industrial Region and Kansai Science City

Demographics

Osaka prefecture population pyramid in 2020

According to the 2005 Population Census of Japan, Osaka prefecture has a population of 8,817,166, an increase of 12,085, or 0.14%, since the Census of year 2000.^[25]

As of 2022 this prefecture has about 93,000 ethnic Korean persons, the largest such population of any prefecture in Japan.^[26] Osaka City. As of 2013 most ethnic Korean children attend ordinary Japanese public schools, although some Korean schools operated by the Chongryon and classes for ethnic Koreans had opened in the prefecture. During the Japanese rule of Korea many ethnic Koreans came to the Osaka area to look for work. Many people from Jeju came to the Osaka area after a 1922 ferry line between Osaka and Jeju opened. During World War II Japanese authorities forced additional ethnic Koreans to move to the Osaka area.^[27]

Temples and shrines

• Shitennō-ji
• Kanshin-ji
• Sumiyoshi Taisha

Museums

• National Museum of Ethnology, Japan
• Open-Air Museum of Old Japanese Farm Houses (Hattori Ryokuchi Park)
• OSTEC (Osaka Science and Technology Center) Exhibition Hall
• Japan Folk Crafts Museum, Osaka 大阪日本民芸館

Education

Public elementary and junior high schools in the prefecture are operated by the municipalities. Public high schools are operated by the Osaka Prefectural Board of Education.

Universities

• Kansai Medical University (Hirakata, Osaka)
• Osaka University (Toyonaka and Suita)
• former Osaka University of Foreign Studies (Minoh)
• Osaka Kyoiku University (Kashiwara)
• Osaka City University (Osaka city)
• Osaka Prefecture University (Sakai)
• Kansai University (Suita, Takatsuki, Osaka city)
• Kindai University (Higashiosaka)
• Kansai Gaidai University (Hirakata) (Kansai University of Foreign Studies)
• Osaka International Educational University (Moriguchi)
• Osaka University of Health and Sport sciences (Kumatori)
• Osaka University of Commerce (Higashiosaka)
• Osaka University of Economic and Law (Yao)
• Osaka College of Music (Toyonaka)
• Osaka Electro Communication University (Neyagawa)
• Osaka Gakuin University (Suita)
• Otemon Gakuin University (Ibaraki)
• Hannan University (Matsubara)
• Setsunan University (Neyagawa)
• St Andrews University (Momoyama Gakuin University) (Izumi)
• Taisei Gakuin University (Mihara, Sakai)
• Tezukayama Gakuin University (Ōsakasayama, Sakai)

Parks

• The Expo Commemoration Park (Suita) held the Expo '70. It is about 260 ha and includes a Japanese garden, National Museum of Art, Osaka, and the amusement park "Expoland".
• Hattori Ryokuchi Park (Toyonaka), about 150 ha.
• Tsurumi Ryokuchi Park (Osaka), about 100 ha. The horticulture exposition of Expo '90 was held here.^[28]
• Nagai Park (Osaka), about 66 ha. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics were held in 2007 at Nagai Stadium in this park.
• Osaka Castle Park (Osaka), about 106 ha.
• Nakanoshima Park (Osaka), housing the Museum of Oriental Ceramics, public hall, Osaka Prefectural Nakanoshima Library, and the city hall of Osaka.
• Yamadaike Park (Osaka), about 73.7 ha.
• Osaka Prefectural Park (Hirakata), operated by Osaka Prefecture.^{[citation needed]}

Transportation

Rail

• JR Central
  • Tokaido Shinkansen (Shin-Osaka Station)
• JR West
  • Sanyo Shinkansen (Shin-Osaka Station)
  • Osaka Loop Line
  • Osaka Higashi Line
  • Tokaido Main Line
    • JR Kyoto Line
    • JR Kobe Line
  • Gakkentoshi Line
  • Yamatoji Line
  • Hanwa Line
  • JR Tozai Line
  • JR Yumesaki Line
  • Kansai Airport Line
• Osaka Metro
  • Midosuji Line
  • Tanimachi Line
  • Yotsubashi Line
  • Chuo Line
  • Sennichimae Line
  • Sakaisuji Line
  • Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
  • Imazatosuji Line
• Keihan Electric Railway
  • Keihan Main Line
  • Keihan Nakanoshima Line
  • Keihan Katano Line
• Kintetsu
  • Osaka Line
  • Nara Line
  • Shigi Line
  • Keihanna Line
  • Minami Osaka Line
  • Domyoji Line
  • Nagano Line
• Hankyu
  • Hankyu Kyoto Line
  • Hankyu Senri Line
  • Hankyu Takarazuka Line
  • Hankyu Minoo Line
  • Hankyu Kobe Line
• Nose Electric Railway
• Hanshin Electric Railway
  • Hanshin Main Line
  • Hanshin Namba Line
• Nankai Electric Railway
  • Nankai Main Line
  • Takashinohama Line
  • Tanagawa Line
  • Airport Line
  • Koya Line
• Senboku Rapid Railway
• Mizuma Railway
• Kita-Osaka Kyuko Railway

People movers

• Osaka Monorail
• Nanko Port Town Line

Road

The four license plates in Osaka:
  大阪 (Ōsaka) in Northern Osaka
  なにわ (Naniwa) in Osaka City, named Naniwa as Imperial capital in antiquity
  和泉 (Izumi) in Southern Osaka≈Izumi Province+Southern Kawachi
  堺 (Sakai) in Sakai City

Expressways

• Meishin Expressway
• Chugoku Expressway
• Hanshin Expressway
• Nishi-Meihan Expressway
• Second Keihan Highway
• Hanwa Expressway
• Second Hanna Highway
• Minami Hanna Highway

National highways

• National Route 1
• National Route 2
• National Route 25
• National Route 26
• National Route 43
• National Route 163
• National Route 165
• National Route 166
• National Route 168
• National Route 170
• National Route 171
• National Route 173
• National Route 176
• National Route 307
• National Route 308
• National Route 309
• National Route 310
• National Route 371
• National Route 423
• National Route 477
• National Route 479
• National Route 480
• National Route 481

Airports

• Osaka International Airport - Domestic flights
• Kansai International Airport - International and domestic flights

Sister regions

Osaka Prefecture has sister region relationships with:^[29]

• Shanghai, China (1980)
• East Java, Indonesia (1984)
• Rotterdam, Netherlands (1984)
• Val-d'Oise, France (1987)
• Queensland, Australia (1988)
• Primorsky Krai, Russia (1992)
• California, United States (1994)
• Lombardy, Italy (2002)
• Dubai, United Arab Emirates (2002)
• Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (2007)

Sports

Panasonic Stadium Suita

The sports teams listed below are based in Osaka.

Football (soccer)

League

• Gamba Osaka
• Cerezo Osaka
• F.C. Osaka

Baseball

• Orix Buffaloes
• Hanshin Tigers

Basketball

• Osaka Evessa

Volleyball

• Osaka Blazers Sakai
• Suntory Sunbirds
• Panasonic Panthers

Rugby union

• Red Hurricanes Osaka
• Hanazono Liners

Prefectural symbols

The symbol of Osaka Prefecture, called the sennari byōtan or "thousand gourds", was originally the crest of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the feudal lord of Osaka Castle.

See also

• List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan
• Osaka Culture Prize
• Osaka Eco Agricultural Products
• Osaka Metropolis plan
• Politics of Osaka

Notes

1. "2020年度国民経済計算（2015年基準・2008SNA） : 経済社会総合研究所 - 内閣府". 内閣府ホームページ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-05-18.
2. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Osaka-fu" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 759, p. 759, at Google Books; "Kansai" in p. 477, p. 477, at Google Books
3. Nussbaum, "Osaka" in p. 759, p. 759, at Google Books
4. "Statistics Bureau Home Page". www.stat.go.jp.
5. 大阪府教育委員会 (2002-03-29). "岸和田城跡". Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
6. 泉南市教育委員会 (1987-09-21). "海会寺". Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
7. Nussbaum, "Provinces and prefectures" in p. 780, p. 780, at Google Books
8. "大阪のあゆみ (History of Osaka)" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-03-12.The creation of Osaka prefecture took place slight earlier than many other prefectures, that had to wait for abolition of the han system in 1871.
9. Tolbert, Kathryn. "Election of First Female Governor Boosts Japan's Ruling Party", The Washington Post, February 8, 2000.
10. Harding, Robin (June 11, 2018). "Battle to remodel Osaka is legacy of Japan's Trump". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
11. Kaneko, Kaori; Foster, Malcolm (June 18, 2018). "Magnitude 6.1 quake in Japan's Osaka area kills four, halts factories". Reuters. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
12. Johnston, Eric (November 2, 2020). "Osaka referendum defeat raises questions about future of city's politics". The Japan Times. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
13. "平成１０年全国都道府県市区町村の面積の公表について(Official announcement on the national territory and area of 1998, by prefectures, cities, districts, towns and villages)" Archived 2003-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Geographical Survey Institute, Government of Japan, January 29, 1999.
14. "コラム Vol.017 全国都道府県市区町村面積調 (Column: "National Area Investigation" vol.017)" Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, Alps Mapping K.K., March 8, 2001.
15. "General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
16. "平成16年度の県民経済計算について (Prefectural Economy for the fiscal year 2004 based on 93SNA) Cabinet Office, Government of Japan" (PDF) (in Japanese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
17. "大阪府民経済計算 (Osaka Prefectural Economy based on 93SNA) Osaka Prefectural Government" (PDF) (in Japanese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
18. "2006 White Paper on Small and Medium Enterprises in Japan, Japan Small Business Research Institute (Japan)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-23. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
19. "なにわの経済データ (The Naniwa Economy Data)" (PDF) (in Japanese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
20. "Astro-Technology SOHLA" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2007-03-09. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
21. "Japan Advertising Council". Archived from the original on 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2007-03-14. For details on the campaign featuring SOHLA, navigate through the Japanese page to the 2003 campaign listing, at entry "東大阪の人工衛星" (Higashiosaka's Satellite) Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
22. ""Smaller firms build a satellite" City of Osaka, Chicago Office". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
23. The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
24. ""Study of PETSAT" NEDO, 2005" (PDF) (in Japanese and English). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
25. "Table 1: 大阪府の人口の推移 ( Population Change of Osaka Prefecture)" (in Japanese). Osaka Prefectural Government. Archived from the original on 2007-01-05. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
26. "大阪府の国籍・地域（出身地）別 在留外国人数" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-07-14.
27. Aoki, Eriko. "Korean children, textbooks, and educational practices in Japanese primary schools" (Chapter 8). In: Ryang, Sonia. Koreans in Japan: Critical Voices from the Margin (Routledge Studies in Asia's Transformations). Routledge, October 8, 2013. ISBN 1136353054, 9781136353055. Start: p. 157. CITED: p. 166.
28. 財団法人 国際花と緑の博覧会記念協会：English：Expo'90 Foundation Archived 2011-10-21 at the Wayback Machine
29. "Osaka's sister regions". www.pref.osaka.lg.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-08-07.

References

• Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128

External links

• Official Osaka Prefecture homepage
• Osaka Tourism & Convention Guidance homepage
• Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan