The 1250s decade ran from January 1, 1250, to December 31, 1259.
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1250
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1250.
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By place
Europe
- February 2 – King Eric XI (Eriksson) dies and is succeeded by the 10-year-old Valdemar I, who is the eldest son of Birger jarl. He is elected as ruler of Sweden, and becomes the first Swedish king of the House of Folkung.
- October 12 – A great storm shifts the mouth of the River Rother in England 12 miles (20 km) to the west; a battering series of strong storms significantly alters other coastal geography around Romney Marsh.
- December 13 – Emperor Frederick II dies, beginning the 23-year-long "Great Interregnum". Frederick is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty; after the interregnum, the empire passes to the Habsburgs.
- The Lombard League dissolves upon the death of its member states' nemesis, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
- King Afonso III (the Boulonnais) captures the Algarve from the Moors, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal.
- Albertus Magnus isolates the element arsenic, as the 8th discovered metal. He also first uses the word "oriole" to describe a type of bird (most likely the golden oriole).
- The Rialto Bridge in Venice (in modern-day Italy) is converted from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden structure.
- The Ponts Couverts fortified bridges of Strasbourg (in modern-day France) are completed.
- Vincent of Beauvais completes his proto-encyclopedic work Speculum Maius ("Greater mirror").
- The first of the Parlements of Ancien Régime France is established.
- Villard de Honnecourt draws the first known image of a sawmill.
- The first usage is made of the English word "cuckold", according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
By topic
Markets
- The Flemish town of Douai emits the first recorded redeemable annuities in medieval Europe, confirming a trend of consolidation of local public debt started in 1218, in Rheims.[6]
- The Sienese bankers belonging to the firm known as the Gran Tavola, under the steering of the Bonsignori Brothers, become the main financiers of the Papacy.[7]
1250
- April 8 – John Tristan, son of Louis IX (d. 1270)
- Adolf II of Waldeck, prince-bishop of Liège (d. 1302)
- Agnes of Baden, German noblewoman (d. 1295)
- Albert II of Saxony, German nobleman (d. 1298)
- Albert III, German nobleman and knight (d. 1300)
- Albertus de Chiavari, Italian Master General (d. 1300)
- Allamah al-Hilli, Persian Shia theologian (d. 1325)
- Asher ben Jehiel, German Jewish rabbi (d. 1327)
- Beatrice of Savoy, Swiss noblewoman (d. 1292)
- Bonconte I da Montefeltro, Italian general (d. 1289)
- Diether of Nassau, archbishop of Trier (d. 1307)
- Dmitry of Pereslavl, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1294)
- Esclaramunda of Foix, queen of Majorca (d. 1315)
- Fra Dolcino, Italian priest and reformist (d. 1307)
- Grigorije II of Ras, Serbian monk-scribe (d. 1321)
- Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet and writer (d. 1300)
- Jeanne de Montfort, Swiss noblewoman (d. 1300)
- John IV (Laskaris), emperor of Nicaea (d. 1305)
- Konrad II of Masovia, Polish nobleman (d. 1294)
- Margaret of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (d. 1308)
- Matteo I Visconti, Italian imperial vicar (d. 1322)
- Mordechai ben Hillel, German scholar (d. 1298)
- Nijō Tameyo, Japanese official and poet (d. 1338)
- Niklot I, German nobleman and knight (d. 1323)
- Rhys ap Maredudd, Welsh nobleman (d. 1292)
- Robert II, French nobleman and knight (d. 1302)
- Sancho of Aragon, Spanish archbishop (d. 1275)
- Theodoric of Freiberg, German physicist (d. 1311)
- Záviš of Falkenstein, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1290)
1251
1252
1253
- March 1 – Mattia de Nazarei, Italian abbess and saint (d. 1319)
- March 20 – Wareru, founder of the Martaban Kingdom (assassinated 1307)
- September 11 – Dmitry Borisovich, Kievan nobleman (d. 1294)
- October 17 – Ivo of Kermartin, Breton priest and saint (d. 1303)
- November 25 – Katherine of England, English princess (d. 1257)
- Amir Khusrau, Indian Sufi musician, poet and scholar (d. 1325)
- Anna of Greater Poland, Polish princess and abbess (d. 1295)
- Berengaria of Castile, Spanish princess and regent (d. 1300)
- Blanche of France, daughter of Louis IX ("the Saint") (d. 1323)
- Eschiva of Ibelin, Outremer noblewoman and regent (d. 1312)
- Eufemia of Greater Poland, Polish princess and nun (d. 1298)
- Everhardt I, count of Limburg and Hohenlimburg (d. 1308)
- Hugh II (de Lusignan), Cypriot ruler and regent (d. 1267)
- John II ("the One-Eyed"), count of Holstein-Kiel (d. 1321)
- Nikō, Japanese Buddhist monk and disciple (d. 1314)
1254
- March 27 – Hkun Law, Burmese ruler of Martaban (d. 1311)
- May 4 – Benvenuta Bojani, Italian nun and mystic (d. 1292)
- May 13 – Marie of Brabant, queen of France (d. 1322)
- June 24 – Floris V, count of Holland and Zeeland (d. 1296)
- September 15 – Marco Polo, Venetian explorer (d. 1324)
- Beatrice of Castile, marchioness of Montferrat (d. 1286)
- Bengt Birgersson, Swedish duke and bishop (d. 1291)
- Bonacossa Borri (or Bonaca), Italian noblewoman (d. 1321)
- Charles II (the Lame), son of Charles I of Anjou (d. 1309)
- Fujiwara no Tamekane, Japanese official and poet (d. 1332)
- Gerhard II (the Blind), German nobleman and knight (d. 1312)
- Nijō Morotada, Japanese nobleman and official (d. 1341)
- Osman I, founding ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1324)
- Ren Renfa (or Ziming), Chinese artist and politician (d. 1327)
- Roger de Mowbray, English nobleman and knight (d. 1297)
- Tetsugyū Enshin, Japanese monk and scholar (d. 1326)
- Zhao Mengfu, Chinese scholar and calligrapher (d. 1322)
1255
- October 23 – Fernando de la Cerda, Spanish prince (d. 1275)
- Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, king of Germany (d. 1298)
- Albert I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1308)
- Andrey of Gorodets, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1304)
- Bogislaw IV, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1309)
- Dino Compagni, Italian historian and writer (d. 1324)
- Francesca da Rimini, Italian noblewoman (d. 1285)
- John of Paris, French theologian and writer (d. 1306)
- Margherita Colonna, Italian nun and abbess (d. 1280)
- Nicholas I, Bohemian nobleman and knight (d. 1318)
- William Ros, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1316)
- Sanjar al-Jawli, Mamluk governor and ruler (d. 1345)
- Sybille of Bâgé, countess consort of Savoy (d. 1294)
- Takaoka Muneyasu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1326)
1256
- January 6 – Gertrude the Great, German mystic (d. 1302)
- January 24 – Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, Spanish nobleman (d. 1309)
- February 9 – William de Warenne, English nobleman (d. 1286)
- March 21 – Henry I (Lackland), German nobleman (d. 1318)
- October 23 – Möngke Temür, Mongol ruler of Shiraz (d. 1282)
- Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati, Andalusian grammarian (d. 1344)
- Adolph VI, count of Holstein-Pinneberg-Schauenburg (d. 1315)
- Ahmad al-Suhrawardi, Persian calligrapher and musician (d. 1340)
- Al-Dimashqi, Syrian geographer, explorer and writer (d. 1327)
- Andrea Dotti, Italian nobleman, preacher and saint (d. 1315)
- Ibn al-Banna, Almohad scholar and mathematician (d. 1321)
- Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi, Syrian scholar and philologist (d. 1341)
- John Segrave, English nobleman and seneschal (d. 1325)
- Padishah Khatun, Mongol female ruler and writer (d. 1295)
- Robert of Clermont, French prince and nobleman (d. 1317)
- Roger Mortimer, English nobleman and constable (d. 1326)
1257
- March 24 – Yolanda I, French noblewoman (d. 1314)
- August 15 – Muhammad III, ruler of Granada (d. 1314)
- October 14 – Przemysł II, king of Poland (d. 1296)
- Agnes of Brandenburg, queen of Denmark (d. 1304)
- Beatrice of Burgundy, French noblewoman (d. 1310)
- Frederick I (the Brave), German nobleman (d. 1323)
- Malise III of Strathearn, Scottish nobleman (d. 1312)
- Parsoma (the Naked), Egyptian Coptic hermit (d. 1317)
- Philip III of Falkenstein, count of Münzenberg (d. 1322)
- Robert de Vere, English nobleman and knight (d. 1331)
- William Russell, English nobleman and knight (d. 1311)
1258
- Osman I, Founder of the Great Ottoman Empire (d. 1324)
- March 8 – Arghun Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (d. 1291)
- October 10 – Joachim Piccolomini, Italian altar server (d. 1305)
- October 20 – Bolko I, Polish co-ruler (House of Piast) (d. 1313)
- December 7 – Trần Nhân Tông, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1308)
- Bertrand of Saint-Geniès, French jurist and patriarch (d. 1350)
- Ferrantino Malatesta, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1353)
- Henry I, German nobleman (House of Schaumburg) (d. 1304)
- Henryk IV (the Righteous), High Duke of Poland (d. 1290)
- John I, French nobleman (House of Chalon-Arlay) (d. 1315)
- Liu Guandao (or Zhong Xian), Chinese court artist (d. 1336)
- Usman Serajuddin, Bengali Sufi scholar and mystic (d. 1357)
1259
1250
- February 2 – Eric XI (Eriksson), king of Sweden (b. 1216)
- February 6 – Geoffrey VI, French nobleman and knight
- February 8
- February 11 – Jean de Ronay, French Grand Master
- March 29 – Ludolph of Ratzeburg, German bishop
- April 6
- May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt[4]
- May 21 – Humbert V, French nobleman and knight (b. 1198)
- May 26 – Peter I (Mauclerc), French nobleman (b. 1187)
- May 27 – Raniero Capocci, Italian priest and cardinal
- June 7 – Vitslav I, Danish nobleman and knight (b. 1180)
- June 18 – Theresa of Portugal, queen of León (b. 1176)
- August 10 – Eric IV (Ploughpenny), king of Denmark
- October 4 – Herman VI, German nobleman and knight
- October 12 – Richard Wendene, English bishop (b. 1219)
- December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1194)[124]
- Alice of Schaerbeek, Flemish Cistercian lay sister (b. 1220)
- Gilbertus Anglicus, English physician and writer (b. 1180)
- Julian of Speyer, German Franciscan composer and poet
- Leonardo of Pisa, Italian mathematician and writer (b. 1170)
- Romée de Villeneuve, French nobleman and seneschal
- Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, Persian biographer
- Walter of Serviliano, Italian Benedictine hermit and abbot
- Yang Miaozhen, Chinese female military leader (b. 1193)
1251
1252
- January 1 – Saint Zdislava Berka, Bohemian lay Dominican benefactress[139]
- January 23 – Isabella, Queen of Armenia[140]
- January – Bohemond V, Prince of Antioch[141][142]
- February 3 – Sviatoslav III of Vladimir, Prince of Novgorod (b. 1196)[143]
- April 1 – Kujō Michiie, Japanese regent[144]
- April 6 – Saint Peter of Verona[30]
- May 3 or May 4 – Günther von Wüllersleben, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights[145][146]
- May 30 – King Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon[147][148]
- June 6 – Robert Passelewe, Bishop of Chichester[149]
- June 9 – Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg[150][151]
- June 29 – Abel, King of Denmark (b. 1218)[152][153]
- August 1 – Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Italian chronicler of the Mongol Empire[154][155]
- November 27 – Blanche of Castile, queen of Louis VIII of France and regent of France (b. 1188)[156][157]
- date unknown
1253
- January 1 – Marino Morosini, doge of Venice (b. 1181)
- January 18 – Henry I ("the Fat"), king of Cyprus (b. 1217)
- April 3 – Richard of Chichester, English bishop (b. 1197)
- April 5 – Wilbrand von Käfernburg, German archbishop
- April 22 – Elias of Cortona, Italian friar and vicar general
- June 11 – Amadeus IV, Italian nobleman and knight (b. 1197)
- June 12 – Boniface II ("the Giant"), king of Thessalonica (b. 1201)
- July 8 – Theobald I, French nobleman and trouvère (b. 1201)
- July 22 – Albert IV, German nobleman and knight (b. 1180)
- August 11 – Clare of Assisi, Italian nun and saint (b. 1194)
- September 22 – Dōgen, Japanese Buddhist priest (b. 1200)
- September 23 – Wenceslaus I, king of Bohemia (b. 1205)
- October 9 – Robert Grosseteste, English bishop (b. 1168)
- October 22 – William de Vesci, English nobleman (b. 1205)
- November 16 – Agnes of Assisi, Italian abbess and saint
- November 21 – Christian II, German archbishop (b. 1185)
- November 29 – Otto II, German count palatine (b. 1206)
- Ahmad al-Tifashi, Almohad poet and anthologist (b. 1184)
1254
- March 28 – William de Ferrers, English nobleman (b. 1193)
- May 21 – Conrad IV, king of Germany en Sicily (b. 1228)[165]
- June 3 – Andrea Caccioli, Italian friar and priest (b. 1194)
- June 8 – Robert of Nantes, Latin patriarch of Jerusalem
- June 17 – Ingeborg Eriksdotter, Swedish princess (b. 1212)
- August 6 – Hugh of Northwold, English abbot and bishop
- September 25 – William III de Cantilupe, English nobleman
- November 3
- November 11 – Gil Torres, Spanish archdeacon and cardinal
- December 1 – Abel de Gullane (or Golynn), Scottish bishop
- December 7 – Innocent IV, pope of the Catholic Church
- Berthold of Pietengau, German prince-bishop of Passau
- Faris al-Din Aktai, Egyptian nobleman and emir (prince)
- Peter Chaceporc, English archdeacon and ambassador
- Rudolf von Ems, German knight, poet and writer (b. 1200)
- Silvester de Everdon, English bishop and Lord Chancellor
- Bab Bachir, spouse of last Abbasid caliph al-Musta'sim.
1255
- May 1 – Walter de Gray, English archbishop and statesman
- August 27 – Little Saint Hugh, English Jewish boy (b. 1246)
- Al-Faqih al-Muqaddam, Yemeni religious leader (b. 1178)
- Alice de Montfort, French noblewoman and ruler (suo jure)
- Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde
- Carintana dalle Carceri, ruler of the Principality of Achaea
- Denis Türje, Hungarian nobleman and military commander[166]
- Eva de Braose, heiresses and wife of William de Cantilupe
- Helena Pedersdatter Strange, queen of Sweden (b. 1200)
- Majd al-Din ibn Taymiyyah, Seljuk judge and theologian
- Masanari, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (b. 1200)
- Muhammad III, ruler of the Nizari Ismaili State (b. 1211)
- Shams al-Din 'Ali ibn Mas'ud, Mihrabanid ruler of Sistan
1256
- January 4 – Bernhard von Spanheim, German nobleman
- January 18 – Maria of Brabant, duchess of Bavaria (b. 1226)
- January 28 – William II of Holland, king of Germany (b. 1227)
- February 9 – Alice de Lusigan, English noblewoman (b. 1224)
- February 16 – Nicola Paglia, Italian Dominican priest (b. 1197)
- April 12 – Margaret of Bourbon, queen of Navarre (b. 1217)
- April 23 – Sabrisho V, patriarch of the Church of the East
- May 1 – Mafalda of Portugal, Spanish abbess and queen
- May 6 – Peter Nolasco, French religious leader (b. 1189)
- May 12 – Matilda of Amboise, French noblewoman (b. 1200)
- May 28 – Guglielmo Fieschi, Italian deacon and cardinal
- June 13 – Tankei, Japanese Buddhist sculptor (b. 1173)
- September 1 – Kujō Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (b. 1218)
- September 21 – William of Kilkenny, English bishop of Ely
- October 14 – Kujō Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (b. 1239)
- November 5 – Christina de Valognes, Scottish noblewoman
- Bertram de Criol (or Criel), English constable and diplomat
- Jacob Anatoli, French Jewish translator and writer (b. 1194)
- Johannes de Sacrobosco, English scholar and astronomer
- Klement of Ruszcza, Polish nobleman and knight (b. 1190)
- Najm al-Din Razi, Persian philosopher and writer (b. 1177)
- Pandulf of Anagni, Italian bishop and military commander
- Peter de Ramsay, Scottish nobleman, cleric and bishop
- Þórður kakali Sighvatsson, Icelandic chieftain (b. 1210)
- Rodrigo González Girón, Spanish nobleman and knight
- Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, Arab preacher and historian (b. 1185)
1257
- April 10 – Izz al-Din Aybak, ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate
- April 26 – Euphemia de Walliers, English nun and abbess
- May 3 – Katherine of England, English princess (b. 1253)
- May 5 – Haakon the Young, junior king of Norway (b. 1232)
- May 17 – Choe Hang, Korean general and dictator (b. 1209)
- May 20 – Maurice FitzGerald, Norman nobleman and knight
- June 4 – Przemysł I, Polish nobleman and co-ruler (b. 1221)
- June 8 – Simon of Elmham, English prior and bishop-elect
- August 15 – Hyacinth of Poland, Polish missionary (b. 1185)
- December 24 – John of Avesnes, count of Hainaut (b. 1218)
- December 26 – Richard Blund (or Blundy), English bishop
- Lanfranc Cigala (or Cicala), Genoese nobleman and knight
- Maria of Antioch-Armenia, Outremer noblewoman (b. 1215)
- Matilda I, countess of Nevers, Auxerre and Tonnerre (b. 1188)
- Mohammad Baba as-Samasi, Abbasid Sufi leader (b. 1195)
- Roger Weseham, English bishop of Coventry and Lichfield
- Sartaq Khan (or Sartak), Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde
- Stephen Bauzan, English nobleman, seneschal and knight
- Valdemar III (Abelsøn), Danish prince and heir apparent
- Willikin of the Weald, English warrior and guerrilla leader
- Yuan Haowen, Chinese politician, poet and writer (b. 1190)
1258
- January 6 – Konrad I von Wallhausen, bishop of Meissen
- February 20 – Al-Musta'sim, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad
- March 26 – Floris de Voogd, Dutch nobleman (b. 1228)
- April 5
- April 14 – Rüdiger of Bergheim, German bishop (b. 1175)
- May 10 – Sewal de Bovil, English cleric and archbishop
- June 2
- June 15 – Ada of Holland, Dutch noblewoman (b. 1208)
- July 22 – Meinhard I, count of Gorizia (House of Gorizia)
- August 8 – Henry of Lexington, English cleric and bishop
- August 18 – Theodore II (Laskaris), emperor of Nicaea
- August 25 – George Mouzalon, Byzantine high official
- August 28 – Gerhard II of Lippe, German archbishop
- November 8 – Grzymisława of Łuck, Polish princess
- November 10 – William de Bondington, Scottish bishop
- November 23 – John Fitzgeoffrey, English nobleman
- Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq, Marinid sultan
- Abul Hasan al-Shadhili, Almohad Sufi leader (b. 1196)
- Al-Mahdi Ahmad bin al-Husayn, Yemeni ruler (b. 1216)
- Baha al-Din Zuhayr, Arab secretary and poet (b. 1186)
- Bartholomew of Brescia, Italian teacher and canonist
- Bruno of Altena-Isenberg, prince-bishop of Osnabrück
- Choe Ui, Korean military leader and dictator (b. 1233)
- Clement of Dunblane, Scottish cleric, friar and bishop
- Eberhard von Sayn, German knight and Landmeister
- Fujiwara no Tomoie, Japanese nobleman (b. 1182)
- Guillaume de Chateauneuf, French Grand Master
- Hong Pok-wŏn, Korean general and official (b. 1206)
- Ibn Abi'l-Hadid, Abbasid scholar and writer (b. 1190)
- Ingerd Jakobsdatter, Danish noblewoman (b. 1200)
- John of Arsuf (or Ibelin), Outremer nobleman (b. 1211)
- John of Wallingford, English abbot, historian and writer
- Robert de la Piere, French magistrate and troubadour
- Walter Comyn, Scottish magnate, adviser and regent
1259
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