The year 1891 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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- January 8 – Walther Bothe (died 1957), German physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1954).
- January 26 – Wilder Penfield (died 1976), American-born neurosurgeon.
- April 22 – Harold Jeffreys (died 1989), English mathematician.
- May 15 – Fritz Feigl, (died 1971), Austrian-born Brazilian chemist
- July 5 – John Howard Northrop (suicide 1987), American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1946)
- July 27 – Jacob van der Hoeden, Dutch-Israeli veterinary scientist (died 1968)
- August 17 – Aly Tewfik Shousha (died 1964), Egyptian bacteriologist.
- September 14 – Ivan Matveyevich Vinogradov (died 1983), Russian mathematician.
- September 24 – W. F. Friedman (died 1969), Bessarabian-born cryptanalyst.
- October 24 – Ernest Melville DuPorte (died 1981), Caribbean-born Canadian insect morphologist.
- November 14 – Frederick Banting (died 1941), Canadian discoverer of insulin, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1923).
- January 6 – Hugh Owen Thomas (born 1834), British orthopaedic surgeon.
- February 10 – Sofia Kovalevskaya (born 1850), Russian mathematician.
- March 9 – Amalie Dietrich (born 1821), German naturalist.
- May 11 – Edmond Becquerel (born 1820), French physicist.
- June 9 – Henry Edwards (born 1827), English-born American entomologist and actor.
- June 23
- August 30 – Emanoil Bacaloglu (born 1830), Romanian polymath.
- September 18 – William Ferrel (born 1817), American meteorologist.
- October 3 – Édouard Lucas (born 1842), French mathematician.
- November 18 – Joseph Wolstenholme (born 1829), English mathematician.
- December 21 – William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire (born 1808), English landowner and promoter of science.
Hill, Susanne; John (1987). Richard Henry of Resolution Island. Dunedin: John McIndoe. ISBN 0-86868-094-X.
Giles, C. H.; Forrester, S. D. (9 January 1971). "The origins of the surface film balance: Studies in the early history of surface chemistry, part 3". Chemistry & Industry: 43–53.
Hoffman, Paul F. (2011). "A history of Neoproterozoic glacial geology, 1871– 1997". In Arnaud, E.; Halverson, G.P.; Shields-Zhou, G. (eds.). The Geological Record of Neoproterozoic Glaciations. Geological Society, London, Memoirs. Geological Society of London. pp. 17–37.
Senechal, Marjorie (1990). "A brief history of geometrical crystallography". In Lima-de-Faria, J. (ed.). Historical Atlas of Crystallography. Kluwer. pp. 43–59. ISBN 0-7923-0649-X.
Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
Carroll, Sean B. (2009). Remarkable Creatures: Epic Adventures in the Search for the Origin of Species. London: Quercus. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-1-84916-072-8.
"Ueber primäre chronische Demenz (so. Dementia praecox) im jugendlichen Alter". Prager medicinische Wochenschrift. 16: 312–15. 1891.
von Waldeyer-Hartz, H. W. G. (1891). "Ueber einige neuere Forschungen im Gebiete der Anatomie des Centralnervensystems". Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift. 17. Berlin: 1213–1356.
US 447918, Strowger, Almon B., "Automatic telephone-exchange", published 1891-03-10
Mannoni, Laurent; Campagnoni, Donata Pesenti; Robinson, David (1996). Light and Movement: Incunabula of the Motion Picture, 1420–1896. London: BFI. ISBN 88-86155-05-0.
Georgano, G. N., ed. (1982). Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars. London: Ebury Press. ISBN 0-85223-234-9.