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Decade of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1909) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The 1900s (pronounced "nineteen-hundreds") was a decade that began on January 1, 1900, and ended on December 31, 1909. The Edwardian era (1901–1910) covers a similar span of time. The term "nineteen-hundreds" is sometimes also used to mean the entire century from January 1, 1900, to December 31, 1999 (the years beginning with "19").
The Scramble for Africa continued, with the Orange Free State, South African Republic, Ashanti Empire, Aro Confederacy, Sokoto Caliphate and Kano Emirate being conquered by the British Empire, alongside the French Empire conquering Borno, the German Empire conquering the Adamawa Emirate, and the Portuguese Empire conquering the Ovambo. Atrocities in the Congo Free State were committed by private companies and the Force Publique, with a resultant population decline[note 1] of 1 to 15 million. From 1904 to 1908, German colonial forces in South West Africa led a campaign of ethnic extermination and collective punishment, genociding 24,000 to 100,000 Hereros and 10,000 Nama. The First Moroccan and Bosnian crises led to worsened tensions in Europe that would ultimately lead to the World War I in the next decade. Cuba, Bulgaria, and Norway became independent.
The deadliest conventional war of this decade was the Russo-Japanese War, fought over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. Russia suffered a humiliating defeat in this conflict, contributing to a growing domestic unrest which culminated in the Russian Revolution of 1905. Unconventional wars of similar scale include insurrections in the Philippines (1899–1913), China (1899–1901), and Colombia (1899–1902). Lesser conflicts include interstate wars such as the Second Boer War (1899–1902), the Kuwaiti–Rashidi war (1900–1901), and the Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907), as well as failed uprisings and revolutions in Portuguese Angola (1902–1904), Rumelia (1903), Ottoman Eastern Anatolia (1904), Uruguay (1904), French Madagascar (1905–1906), Argentina (1905), Persia (1905–1911), German East Africa (1905–1907), and Romania (1907). A major famine took place in China from 1906 to 1907, possibly leading to 20–25 million deaths. This famine was directly caused by the 1906 China floods (April–October 1906), which hit the Huai River particularly hard and destroyed both the summer and autumn harvest. The 1908 Messina earthquake caused 75,000–82,000 deaths.
First-wave feminism made advances, with universities being opened for women in Japan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Russia, and Peru. In 1906, Finland granted women the right to vote,[2] the first European country to do so.[3] The foundation of the Women's Social and Political Union by Emmeline Pankhurst in 1903 led to the rise of the Suffragettes in Great Britain and Ireland. In 1908, a revolution took place in the Ottoman Empire, where the Young Turks movement restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876, establishing the Second Constitutional Era. Subsequently, ethnic tensions rose, and in 1909, up to 30,000 mainly Armenian civilians in Adana were massacred by Muslim civilians.
The decade saw the widespread application of the internal combustion engine including mass production of the automobile, as well as the introduction of the typewriter. The Wright Flyer performed the first recorded controlled, powered, sustained heavier than air flight on December 17, 1903. Reginald Fessenden of East Bolton, Quebec, Canada made what appeared to be[clarification needed] the first audio radio broadcasts of entertainment and music ever made to a general audience. The first huge success of American cinema, as well as the largest experimental achievement to this point, was the 1903 film The Great Train Robbery, directed by Edwin S. Porter, while the world's first feature film, The Story of the Kelly Gang, was released on December 26, 1906, in Melbourne, Australia. Popular books of this decade included The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902) and Anne of Green Gables (1908), which sold 45 million and 50 million copies respectively. Popular songs of this decade include "Lift Every Voice and Sing" and "What Are They Doing in Heaven?", which have been featured in 42 and 16 hymnals respectively.
During the decade, the world population increased from 1.60 to 1.75 billion, with approximately 580 million births and 450 million deaths in total. As of September 2024, 5 people from this decade remain alive (see List of oldest living people), all of them women. The last living man from this decade was Juan Vicente Pérez (27 May 1909 – 2 April 2024).
There are several main varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced. Using 1906 as an example, they are "nineteen-oh-six", "nineteen-six", and "nineteen-aught-six". Which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. "Nineteen-oh-six" is the most common; "nineteen-six" is less common. In American English, "nineteen-aught-six" is also recognized but not much used.[citation needed]
Estimates for the world population by 1900 vary from 1.563 to 1.710 billion.
Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:
Year | Date | Name | Position | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1900 | July 29 | Umberto I | King | Italy | Assassinated by anarchist Gaetano Bresci.[18] |
1901 | March 6 | Wilhelm II | Kaiser | Germany | Attempted assassination in Bremen by Deidrich Weiland.[19][20] |
1901 | September 6 | William McKinley | President | United States | Dies 8 days after being shot at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, by American anarchist Leon Czolgosz. |
1904 | June 16 | Nikolai Bobrikov | Governor-General | Finland | Assassinated by nationalist nobleman Eugen Schauman. |
1905 | June 13 | Theodoros Diligiannis | Prime Minister | Greece | Killed by gambler Antonios Gherakaris, reportedly for measures taken against gambling places. |
1907 | March 11 | Dimitar Petkov | Prime Minister | Bulgaria | Killed by an anarchist. |
1907 | August 31 | Amin al-Soltan | Prime Minister | Iran | Killed in front of the Parliament. |
1908 | February 1 | Carlos I | King | Portugal | Assassinated in Lisbon, Portugal. |
1909 | October 26 | Itō Hirobumi | Prime Minister | Japan | Also Resident-General of Korea, assassinated by Ahn Jung-geun at the Harbin train station in Manchuria, for many grievances against Japan, including the assassination of Empress Myeongseong of Korea. |
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2021) |
The cost of an American postage stamp was worth 1 cent.[21]
The best selling books of the decade were Anne of Green Gables (1908) and The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902), which sold 50 million[104] and 45 million[105] copies respectively. Serbian writers used the Belgrade literary style, an Ekavian writing form which set basis for the later standardization of the Serbian language. Theodor Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, published The Old New Land in 1902, outlining Herzl's vision for a Jewish state in the Land of Israel.
Below are the best-selling books in the United States of each year, as determined by Publishers Weekly.[106]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010) |
Popular songs of the 1900s include "Lift Every Voice and Sing" and "What Are They Doing in Heaven?", which have been featured in 42[107] and 16[108][109] hymnals respectively.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010) |
Agustín Lizárraga discovers Machu Picchu on July 14, 1902.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2023) |
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2018) |
The Tour de France starts for the first time in 1903.[110]
Baseball |
Boxing
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Cricket |
There are currently five remaining verified living people born in the 1900s decade, all of whom are women. This includes Tomiko Itooka of Japan, the oldest living person, born 23 May 1908.[114] The last surviving man born during this decade was Juan Vicente Pérez of Venezuela (27 May 1909 – 2 April 2024).[115]
The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:
1900 • 1901 • 1902 • 1903 • 1904 • 1905 • 1906 • 1907 • 1908 • 1909
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