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1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum
Vote regarding the 1938 German annexation of Austria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A sham referendum on the Anschluss with Germany was held in German-occupied Austria on 10 April 1938,[1] alongside one in Germany.[2] German troops had already occupied Austria one month earlier, on 12 March 1938. The official result was reported as 99.73% in favour,[3] with a 99.71% turnout.[4] The referendum was held post factum, after the Nazi government of Austria signed a law which proclaimed Austria "a land of the German Reich" and Adolf Hitler issued the "Law on the Reunification of Austria with the German Reich" on 13 March 1938, which de jure abolished Austria as a state.[5]
The Austrian government had planned a referendum to assert its sovereignty for 13 March 1938, but Germany invaded Austria the day before in order to prevent the vote taking place.
Political enemies (communists, socialists, etc.) and Austrian citizens of Roma or Jewish origin—roughly 360,000 people or 8% of the Austrian population—were not allowed to vote in the plebiscite.[6][7]
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Background
After the end of World War I, the newly founded Austria claimed sovereignty over the majority German-speaking territory of the former Habsburg empire. According to its provisional constitution it declared to be part of the also newly founded German Republic. Later plebiscites [8] in Tyrol and Salzburg in 1921, where majorities of 98.77%[9] and 99.11%[10] voted for a unification with Germany, showed that it was also backed by the population.
In September 1919 Austria had to sign the Treaty of Saint Germain, which not only meant significant losses of territory, but also a forced change of name from "German Austria" to "Austria". Furthermore, Article 88 of the treaty stated that "the independence of Austria is inalienable otherwise than with the consent of the Council of the League of Nations", to prevent any attempt to unite with Germany.
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Campaign
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Perspective
The referendum was supported by the Social Democratic Party of Austria, whose leader Karl Renner endorsed Adolf Hitler on 3 April, and by Cardinal Theodor Innitzer, the highest representative of the Catholic Church in Austria,[11] which meant that about two-thirds of Austrians could be counted on to vote for the Anschluss.[6] Innitzer's role has been subject to debate. Whereas Catholic church historian Maximilian Liebmann has argued that the infamous declaration by the Austrian bishops of 18 March 1938 ("Feierliche Erklärung der österreichischen Bischöfe") was imposed upon them by Gauleiter Josef Bürckel, Catholic theologian Stefan Moritz emphasized that the Catholic clergy had unjustly portrayed themselves as victims after 1945. Indeed, Innitzer had agreed to meet Hitler on 15 March 1938 and hoped for concessions if the Austrian Catholic church would support the Nazis. Although Innitzer was summoned to Rome in early April 1938 and dressed down by pope Pius XI for this, he continued to negotiate with the new regime. Only when civil marriage was introduced in Austria on 1 August 1938 did Innitzer decide against further negotiations. He was the subject of assaults by Nazi supporters in October 1938.[12]
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Conduct
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Hitler's forces suppressed all opposition. Before the first German soldier crossed the border, Heinrich Himmler and a few Schutzstaffel (SS) officers landed in Vienna to arrest prominent representatives of the First Republic, such as Richard Schmitz, Leopold Figl, Friedrich Hillegeist, and Franz Olah. During the few weeks between the Anschluss and the plebiscite, authorities rounded up Social Democrats, Communists, other potential political dissenters, and Austrian Jews, and imprisoned them or sent them to concentration camps. Within a few days of 12 March, 70,000 people had been arrested. The disused northwest railway station in Vienna was converted into a makeshift concentration camp.[13] American historian Evan Burr Bukey warned that the plebiscite result needs to be taken with "great caution".[6] The plebiscite was subject to large-scale Nazi propaganda and to the abrogation of the voting rights of around 360,000 people (8% of the eligible voting population), mainly political enemies such as former members of left-wing parties and Austrian citizens of Jewish or Romani origin.[14][15][16][6]
The ballots featured a large circle for "yes" votes and a small one for "no" votes. This was described as a nudge.[17] Several other claims were made that the vote was rigged.[18] The result was "... the outcome of opportunism, ideological conviction, massive pressure, occasional vote rigging, and a propaganda machine that Austria's political culture had never before experienced."[19] The massive pressure to which people were exposed came from the fact that many were marking the ballot paper in front of the campaign workers in order not to be suspected of voting against the Anschluss.[20] The secrecy of the ballot was in practice non-existent.[21] However, Life in 1938 claimed that the results of the referendum and its German counterpart were "largely honest".[22] According to some Gestapo reports, only a quarter to a third of Austrian voters in Vienna were in favour of the Anschluss,[23] while in most rural areas, especially in Tyrol, the support for the Anschluss was even lower.[24][failed verification]
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Results
The referendum question was:
Do you agree with the reunification of Austria with the German Reich that was enacted on 13 March 1938 and do you vote for the party of our leader Adolf Hitler?
The officially published results showed 99.73% of voters in favour.
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Aftermath
After the referendum's "approval", Austria was integrated as several administrative divisions into Nazi Germany.
References
Sources
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