Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops is a historic industrial district in Martinsburg, West Virginia. It is significant both for its railroading architecture by Albert Fink and John Rudolph Niernsee and for its role in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. It consists of three contributing buildings, one of which is the oldest covered roundhouse in the United States. The presence of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company in Martinsburg dates back to the late 1840s, when the first engine and machine shops were erected for the expanding company.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
B&O Martinsburg West Roundhouse
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Location	300 East Martin Street, Martinsburg, West Virginia
Coordinates	39°27′33″N 77°57′36″W
Area	3 acres (1.2 ha)
Built	1866 (1866)
Architect	Albert Fink; Johann Niernsee
NRHP reference No.	03001045
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	July 31, 2003[1]
Designated NHL	July 31, 2003[2]

The shops were designated a National Historic Landmark and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.^[2][3] They are now managed by a local authority as an event venue.

Antebellum history

B&O's Martinsburg Shops, circa 1858

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) was founded on February 28, 1827.^[4] On May 21, 1842, the first steam locomotive arrived in Martinsburg and, later that same year, November 10, the first passenger train.^[4] The first roundhouse complex was constructed during 1848–1850.

Civil War history

When Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861, the region's social and government institutions were thrown in turmoil. The Civil War decimated both the region and Martinsburg, specifically because of the railroad yards. On May 22, 1861, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson's troops stopped all trains going east at Martinsburg and Point of Rocks during the Great Train Raid of 1861. Once he determined that all of the trains that could be caught were in his trap, he blew up the bridges to the west and blew down rocks onto the tracks to the east, and pirating of the B&O equipment began. In total, 42 locomotives and 386 cars were stolen and destroyed, while 36+1⁄2 miles of track, 17 bridges, 102 miles of telegraph wire, the "Colonnade" Bridge and the B&O roundhouse and machine shops were also destroyed.

On October 19, 1862, the roundhouse complex was burned by Confederate troops under Colonel Jackson.

Postbellum history

In 1866, the B&O began reconstruction of the site. From 1866 to 1872, the present roundhouse complex was re-built. Other major buildings that were built at this time were the West Roundhouse, East Roundhouse, Bridge & Machine Shop, and the Frog & Switch Shop.

On July 16, 1877, the first nationwide strike, the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, began when rail workers at Martinsburg started an action to protest pay cuts. After several unsuccessful attempts to quell the protests, Governor Henry M. Mathews called for federal troops. By the time these troops had restored order, the protest of the rail company had spread across the country.^[5]

Modern history

B&O engines alongside the shops in Martinsburg, W.Va. on March 2, 1969

The Martinsburg shops were used until March 14, 1988 (a year after the B&O folded into CSX), when all local operations were transferred to other locations. On May 14, 1990, vandals set fire to wooden pallets in the East Roundhouse, nearly destroying the building. Only portions of the outer walls remain standing.

The Berkeley County Commission purchased the historic railroad property in February 1999 for $150,000 from CSX Transportation Inc. The property was transferred to the Berkeley County Roundhouse Authority in April 2000. The roundhouse authority, a public, nonprofit corporation was established by an act of the West Virginia Legislature in 1999. Efforts to preserve and redevelop the historic railroad site, which dates to the 1840s, is ongoing, but the buildings are open for public tours and can be rented for special events.

In 2001, the shop complex was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers. On July 31, 2003, the B&O Roundhouse was designated a National Historic Landmark and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.^[2][3]

See also

• Architecture portal
• National Register of Historic Places portal
• Trains portal

• List of National Historic Landmarks in West Virginia
• List of railway roundhouses
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkeley County, West Virginia

References

1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
2. "Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
3. Michael Caplinger and John Bond (October, 2003) National Historic Landmark Nomination: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops, National Park Service and Accompanying 18 photos, exterior and interior, from 2001 and undated.
4. Dilts, James D. (1993). The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad, 1828-1853. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2629-0.
5. Bellesiles, Michael A. (2010). 1877: America's Year of Living Violently. New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-441-0.

External links

• Media related to Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops at Wikimedia Commons
• Berkeley County Roundhouse Authority - Preservation and rehabilitation agency
• Scale Drawings of East and West Roundhouses
• Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. WV-1, "Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Martinsburg Repair Shops, West Side of Tuscarora Creek Opposite East End of Race Street, Martinsburg, Berkeley, WV", 11 photos, 4 data pages, 1 photo caption page
• Witcher, T. R. (November 2019). "Civil War and Labor Strikes: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops" (PDF). Civil Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers. Retrieved November 11, 2019.