Bass saxophone

The bass saxophone is the third lowest member of the saxophone family—larger and lower than the more common baritone saxophone. It was likely the first type of saxophone built by Adolphe Sax, as first observed by Berlioz in 1842.^[2] It is a transposing instrument pitched in B♭, an octave below the tenor saxophone and a perfect fourth below the baritone saxophone. A bass saxophone in C, intended for orchestral use, was included in Adolphe Sax's patent, but few known examples were built. The bass saxophone is not a commonly used instrument, but it is heard on some 1920s jazz recordings, in free jazz, in saxophone choirs and sextets, and occasionally in concert bands and rock music.

Bass saxophone

Bass saxophone by Selmer
Woodwind instrument
Classification	Single-reed
Hornbostel–Sachs classification	422.212-71 (Single-reed aerophone with keys)
Inventor(s)	Adolphe Sax
Developed	1840s
Playing range
Bass saxophone in B♭ sounds two octaves and a major second lower than written.
Related instruments
Sizes: Soprillo Sopranino Soprano Alto Tenor Baritone Bass Contrabass Subcontrabass Orchestral saxophones: C soprano Mezzo-soprano C melody Specialty saxophones: Aulochrome Tubax
Musicians
See list of saxophonists
Builders
Benedikt Eppelsheim J'Élle Stainer Jinbao Keilwerth Orsi (on request) Selmer[1]

Music for bass saxophone is written in treble clef, just as for the other saxophones, with the pitches sounding two octaves and a major second lower than written. As with most other members of the saxophone family, the lowest written note is the B♭ below the staff—in the bass's case, sounding as a concert A♭₁.

Construction

Main article: saxophone § Construction

The bass saxophone was one of only two working prototypes completed before Sax's 1846 patent, the other being an "E♭ tenor" (now the baritone). It was intended to replace the ophicleide, from which it was derived, and had a similar upright form.^[3] The bass was later revised by Sax into its current S-shaped form, first appearing in 1850 in a sales brochure.^[4]

The German wind instrument maker Benedikt Eppelsheim and the Brazilian saxophone maker J'Élle Stainer have both made bass saxophones with an additional low A key, similar to the low A key on the baritone saxophone. On the bass, this extends the range down a semitone to concert G₁ (~49 Hz). Most basses made before the 1980s were keyed to high E♭, but most new models are keyed to high F♯.

Bass saxophone by Elkhart Band Instrument Co., c. 1920s (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

In jazz

The bass saxophone enjoyed some popularity in jazz combos and dance bands between World War I and World War II, primarily providing bass line, although bass sax players occasionally took melodic solos. Notable players of this era include Billy Fowler, Coleman Hawkins, Otto Hardwicke (of the Duke Ellington orchestra), Adrian Rollini (who was a pioneer of bass sax solos in the 1920s and 30s), Min Leibrook, Spencer Clark, Charlie Ventura, and Vern Brown of the Six Brown Brothers.^[5] Sheet music of the period shows many bands photographed with a bass sax. The bass sax virtually disappeared in the 1930s, possibly due to its size, mechanical complexity, and high price. The invention of the electric bass guitar in the 1950s and its quick rise to popularity reduced demand for other bass instruments in popular music and other contemporary music.

American bandleader Boyd Raeburn (1913–1966) led an avant-garde big band in the 1940s and sometimes played the bass saxophone. In Britain, Oscar Rabin played it in his own band. Harry Gold, a member of Rabin's band, played bass saxophone in his own band, Pieces of Eight. American bandleader Stan Kenton's Mellophonium Band (1960–1963) featured fourteen brass players and used a saxophone section of one alto, two tenors, baritone, and bass on many Grammy winning compositions by Johnny Richards (with Joel Kaye doubling baritone and bass saxophones).^[6] The Lawrence Welk Band featured Bill Page soloing on bass saxophone on several broadcasts during the 1960s. Shorty Rogers's Swingin' Nutcracker (recorded for RCA Victor in 1960) featured a bass saxophone (played by Bill Hood) on four of the movements.

One notable bass saxophonist performing today in the 1920s–1930s style is Vince Giordano. Jazz players using the instrument in a more contemporary style include Roscoe Mitchell, Anthony Braxton, Peter Brötzmann, J. D. Parran, Hamiet Bluiett, James Carter, Stefan Zeniuk, Michael Marcus, Vinny Golia, Joseph Jarman, Brian Landrus, Urs Leimgruber, and Scott Robinson, although none of these players use it as their primary instrument.

Jan Garbarek plays a bass sax on the 1973 album Red Lanta.

In rock

Colin Stetson playing bass sax, 2017

Bass saxophonists in rock include:

• Angelo Moore of the American band Fishbone
• Rodney Slater in the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band (1960s)
• Ralph Carney of the avant-garde rock band Tin Huey (1970s)
• John Linnell of They Might Be Giants (formed 1982)
• Dana Colley of Morphine (formed 1989)
• Kurt McGettrick in Frank Zappa's band in the late 1980s
• Alto Reed of Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band often played bass sax at live shows, in songs without a prominent sax part.
• Colin Stetson has performed and recorded with Arcade Fire, Bell Orchestre, Tom Waits, TV on the Radio, Bon Iver, Feist and LCD Soundsystem. He also performs and records his own compositions.
• Blaise Garza – touring member of Violent Femmes since 2004.
• Kellie Everett – member of The Hooten Hallers since 2014.
• Michael Wilbur - member of Moon Hooch

In classical music

Hector Berlioz arranged Hymne, probably based on his Chant Sacré  [fr], for three saxhorns, clarinet, bass clarinet, and saxophone. This was performed in Sax's workshop in February 1844 to demonstrate his instruments, and it is likely that Adolphe Sax himself played the saxophone part on his ophicleide-shaped bass saxophone prototype. The same year, Georges Kastner wrote for a bass saxophone in C in his opera, Le Dernier Roi de Juda, treating it like an ophicleide part with the brass.^[7]

It is rarely used in orchestral music, though several examples exist. The earliest extant orchestral work to employ it is William Henry Fry's "sacred symphony" Hagar In the Wilderness (1853), which also calls for soprano saxophone and was written for Louis-Antoine Jullien's orchestra during its American tour. Richard Strauss, in his Sinfonia Domestica (1904), wrote four saxophone parts including one for bass saxophone in C. Arnold Schoenberg wrote for the bass saxophone in his one-act opera Von heute auf morgen (1929), and Karlheinz Stockhausen includes a part for it in the saxophone section of Lucifer's Dance, the third scene of his opera, Samstag aus Licht (1983).^[8]

In the 1950s and 1960s it enjoyed a brief vogue in orchestrations for musical theatre. The orchestras for Sandy Wilson’s The Boy Friend (1953) and Meredith Willson’s Music Man (1957) included bass saxophone, as did Leonard Bernstein’s original score for the 1957 première of West Side Story.

The bass saxophone is occasionally called for in concert bands, typically in arrangements from before 1950. Australian composer Percy Grainger and American composer Warren Benson are particularly notable composers who wrote for it.

In chamber music, the bass saxophone can appear in saxophone ensembles, especially larger saxophone choirs. The saxophone is rarely used in small mixed chamber groups; the bass saxophone can be used play parts intended for other instruments.^[9]