Coat of arms of Munster

The coat of arms of Munster consists of three gold crowns on a blue field. Similar crowns were included on the arms of Ireland before being superseded by the golden harp in the 16th century.^[1]

Coat of arms of Munster
Versions
The banner of arms, which serves as provincial flag
Armiger	Munster
Shield	Azure, three antique crowns Or

1651 depiction

Flag flying over James Joyce Tower and Museum

The meaning of the three crowns is not certain,^[2] but one possibility is that they may represent three of the medieval Hiberno-Norman lordships in Munster; the O'Briens (Thomond), the Butlers (Ormond) and the Fitzgeralds (Desmond).^[3] Other sources suggest that the arms (dark blue, three antique crowns Or) are derived from the short-lived dukedom of Ireland created for Robert de Vere in 1386.^[4] Further sources suggest that the crown motif dates to the earlier Kingdom of Munster, based on a thirteenth-century crozier head which was decorated with a crown on a blue enamel surface and found near the Rock of Cashel, the seat of the Gaelic Irish Kings of Munster.^[5]

The crowns are usually depicted as "antique" or "eastern": a gold rim with eight sharp, triangular rays, of which five are seen.^[6]

History

The Irish province of Munster has been heraldically symbolised by three golden antique crowns on a deep blue shield since at least the 17th century.^[5][7] Prior to the mid-1600s, the arms of Munster were reputedly represented as Gules a cubit arm fessways holding a sword erect all proper,^[8] possibly deriving from the first arms of the O'Brien dynasty.^{[citation needed]}

While first recorded in the 17th century as a heraldic representation of Munster, the three crowns motif was reputedly "brought into Ireland with the Normans at the earliest".^[9][10]

While some sources suggest that the three crowns represent Thomond (Tuamhain, North Munster), Desmond (Deasumhain, South Munster), and Ormond (Urumhain, East Munster),^[3] the antique Irish crown motif which inspired them is believed to be older.^[5] For example, a crown of a type known as 'antique Irish', crafted in burnished metal and resting on a blue enamel surface, forms part of a Gaelic Irish thirteenth-century crozier head found near Cormac's Chapel on the Rock of Cashel, and now held in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin. Cashel was, in the thirteenth century, the seat of the Kings of Munster. In the case of the 'king-bishops' of Cashel, the placing of the antique crown on their crozier was a symbolic assertion of their political sovereignty over Munster. It is suggested therefore that the sovereignty of Munster, as expressed in heraldic format, uses the antique crown in triplicate - where the tripling of symbols in heraldic art is simply a convention to achieve balance on the triangular surface of a shield.^[5] As to the tincture (colour) of the Munster shield, in Gaelic mythology the sovereignty of Munster was personified in Mór Muman – a lady or goddess dressed in deep blue robes.^{[citation needed]}

Modern forms and uses

The Munster flag and three crowns motif are used by the Munster Gaelic Athletic Association and the Munster rugby team, including within the logos of both sporting organisations.^[2]

The flag of Munster is sometimes displayed alongside the flags of Leinster, Ulster and Connacht, and forms part of the combined flag of the Provinces of Ireland.

• 
  Four Provinces Flag of Ireland
• 
  Flag of the Irish Rugby Football Union
• 
  Flag of Hockey Ireland
• 
  Ensign of the Royal Cork Yacht Club
• 
  House flag of Irish Shipping (1947–1984)

References

Notes

1. MacLysaght 1949, p. 61: "the 'azure three antique crowns or' of Munster was, without question, regarded as the Arms of Ireland prior to the adoption by Henry VII and Elizabeth of the harp motif".
2. Munster Rugby website.
3. Clan Corrigan.
4. Kennedy 1991, "the arms of the lordship, the three crowns arms within a bordure Argent, were granted to Robert de Vere as an augmentation by Richard II in 1386 [..] Munster’s arms, which appear to have been derived from those of the former lordship (A) above".
5. National Library of Ireland.
6. Boutell & Fox-Davies 1914, p. 160.
7. Barry 1962, p. 79: "The earliest reference in the Irish Office of Arms to the arms Azure three antique crowns [..] are recorded as appertaining to the Province of Munster in G.O.MS.62 (dated 1733) and in G.O.MS.54 (dated a few years earlier)".
8. MacLysaght 1949, p. 62: "Betham records [..] that the Vice-Admirals of the four provinces used respectively: [..] Munster: Gules a cubit arm fessways holding a sword erect all proper".
9. MacLysaght 1949.
10. Barry 1962, p. 81: "The three crowns appears to be a motif brought into Ireland with the Normans at the earliest".

Sources

• Barry, John (1962). "The Arms of Ireland and Munster". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 92 (1). Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland: 79–81. JSTOR 25509460.
• Boutell, Charles; Fox-Davies, A. C. (1914). The Handbook to English Heraldry (Illustrated 11th ed.). Teddington, United Kingdom: The Echo Library. ISBN 978-1-4068-2770-5.
• Corrigan, Dan. "Historical Roots". Archived from the original on 26 August 2011.
• Kennedy, John J (1991). "The Arms of Ireland: Medieval and Modern (from Coat of Arms no 155 Autumn 1991)". nli.ie. The Heraldry Society.
• MacLysaght, Edward (1949). "Some Observations on the Arms of the Four Provinces". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 79 (1/2). Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland: 60–63. JSTOR 25510686.
• "The Munster Crest". munsterrugby.ie. Munster Rugby. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
• "Heraldry in Ireland". National Library of Ireland. Archived from the original on 16 August 2007.