Emergence

Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when a complex entity has properties or behaviors that its parts do not have on their own, and emerge only when they interact in a wider whole.

SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg
The formation of complex symmetrical and fractal patterns in snowflakes exemplifies emergence in a physical system.
Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg
A termite "cathedral" mound produced by a termite colony offers a classic example of emergence in nature.
Complex systems
Topics
Self-organization
Emergence
Collective behavior
Social dynamics

Collective intelligence
Collective action
Self-organized criticality
Herd mentality
Phase transition
Agent-based modelling
Synchronization
Ant colony optimization
Particle swarm optimization
Swarm behaviour

Collective consciousness
Networks
Scale-free networks

Social network analysis
Small-world networks
Centrality
Motifs
Graph theory
Scaling
Robustness
Systems biology
Dynamic networks

Adaptive networks
Evolution and adaptation
Artificial neural network

Evolutionary computation
Genetic algorithms
Genetic programming
Artificial life
Machine learning
Evolutionary developmental biology
Artificial intelligence
Evolutionary robotics

Evolvability
Pattern formation
Fractals

Reaction–diffusion systems
Partial differential equations
Dissipative structures
Percolation
Cellular automata
Spatial ecology
Self-replication

Geomorphology
Systems theory and cybernetics
Autopoiesis

Information theory
Entropy
Feedback
Goal-oriented
Homeostasis
Operationalization
Second-order cybernetics
Self-reference
System dynamics
Systems science
Systems thinking
Sensemaking
Variety

Theory of computation
Nonlinear dynamics
Time series analysis

Ordinary differential equations
Phase space
Attractors
Population dynamics
Chaos
Multistability
Bifurcation

Coupled map lattices
Game theory
Prisoner's dilemma

Rational choice theory
Bounded rationality

Evolutionary game theory

Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry.

In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called emergentism.[1]