Euclid's Elements

Euclid's Elements (Ancient Greek: Στοιχεῖα Stoikheîa) is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt c. 300 BC. It is a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions (theorems and constructions), and mathematical proofs of the propositions. The books cover plane and solid Euclidean geometry, elementary number theory, and incommensurable lines. Elements is the oldest extant large-scale deductive treatment of mathematics. It has proven instrumental in the development of logic and modern science, and its logical rigor was not surpassed until the 19th century.

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Elements

Title page of Sir Henry Billingsley's first English version of Euclid's Elements, 1570. Billingsley erroneously attributed the original work to Euclid of Megara.
Author	Euclid
Language	Ancient Greek
Subject	Euclidean geometry, elementary number theory, incommensurable lines
Genre	Mathematics
Publication date	c. 300 BC
Pages	13 books

Euclid's Elements has been referred to as the most successful[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] and influential[lower-alpha 3] textbook ever written. It was one of the very earliest mathematical works to be printed after the invention of the printing press and has been estimated to be second only to the Bible in the number of editions published since the first printing in 1482,[1] the number reaching well over one thousand.[lower-alpha 4] For centuries, when the quadrivium was included in the curriculum of all university students, knowledge of at least part of Euclid's Elements was required of all students. Not until the 20th century, by which time its content was universally taught through other school textbooks, did it cease to be considered something all educated people had read.^{[citation needed]}