Europe 1

Europe 1
Paris and Geneva;
Broadcast area	France, Switzerland and Belgium
Frequency	104.7 MHz (Paris); 104.8 MHz (Marseille) ; 104.6 MHz (Lyon) ; Full list of frequencies in other areas
Programming
Language(s)	French
Format	News and talk
Ownership
Owner	Lagardère Active
Sister stations	RFM; Europe 2
History
First air date	1 January 1955; 69 years ago
Former call signs	Europe n° 1 (1955–1974)
Links
Website	www.europe1.fr

Europe 1, (Europe un) formerly known as Europe n° 1, is a privately owned radio station created in 1955.^[1] It was owned and operated by Lagardère Active, a subsidiary of the Lagardère Group, it was one of the leading radio broadcasting stations in France and its programmes were received throughout the country. In January 2022, the right-wing populist media mogul Vincent Bolloré took over the station.^[2]

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In 1955, to circumvent the prohibition of commercial broadcasting in France after the Second World War, Europe n° 1 was established in the Saarland, a German state that borders France and Luxembourg. Transmissions were not legally authorised, however, until France's post-war administration of the Saarland ceased and sovereignty returned to West Germany in 1957; so, during its first two years (1955–1957), under the direction of Sebastian Kralik, who had defected from Radio Luxembourg, Europe n° 1 was a pirate radio station. In 1959 the French government bought part of the broadcasting corporation, and this interest was administered today by the Lagardère Group. All programming has always been produced in Paris. For the few parts of France who can't receive the FM signal, longwave broadcast still exists : the programme feed is transferred over ISDN lines to the transmitting station situated on the territory of the villages of Berus and Felsberg in the Saarland, Germany.

From its beginning, Europe n°1's priorities were two-fold: first, news and cultural information with an emphasis on eyewitness accounts rather than an announcer with a script; second, shows aimed at establishing bonds with listeners, including plays, contests, informal talk, popular music, and street-level politics. In both respects, it was a departure from radio formats of the day.

In the 1960s, Europe 1 pioneered a new tone in French radio. Salut les copains became an icon of popular culture and the baby boom generation. Europe 1 played a role in the May 68 political crisis by being the principal source of information untainted by government sanction; it was nicknamed "barricade radio". In the 1970s, President Giscard d'Estaing criticized its "mocking" tone. When the industrialist Jean-Luc Lagardère (mass media and military) became president of Europe 1 group, some feared the network might lose its independent point of view.

Europe 1 also became a supplementary active member of the European Broadcasting Union in 1978 and in 1982, an active member.

Since the 1980s, Europe 1 has experienced decreases in audience, and average age of listeners has steadily increased. Both can be traced to the proliferation of FM radio, after socialist President François Mitterrand made FM private radio legal in 1981.^[3] In 1986, for equality, the regulation authorities gave FM frequencies to Europe 1 and other peripheral radios still emitting from outside France.^[4] A network of Europe 1 FM transmitters was established within France. They later had to be shared with Europe 2. In the 1990s, Europe 1 became a news and talk network. Jean-Pierre Elkabbach became president in 2005. He was dismissed by the CSA (Comité de Surveillance de l'Audiovisuel) after announcing the death of Pascal Sevran prematurely in June 2008 and was replaced by Alexandre Bompard, former Director of the Sports at Canal+.

In the 1990s, Europe 1 was France's fifth most popular network, with the other four being RTL (radio-television Luxembourg), France Inter (state-owned, general), NRJ (music) and France Info (state-owned, news). Then the right-wing media mogul Vincent Bolloré took over the station in January 2022.^[2]

Over the last fifty years, the best-known programs on Europe 1 have included: 'Pour ceux qui aiment le jazz' ("For those who love jazz") hosted by Daniel Filipacchi and Franck Ténot, 'Signé Furax' ("Signed, Furax", a comic adventure serial), 'Salut les copains' ("Hi, friends", a pop music programme), 'Campus' (book reviews, interviews with literary personalities, and chat about current events and culture), 'Vous êtes formidables' (a programme devoted to "demonstrations of solidarity"), 'Bonjour, monsieur le maire' (aimed at rural France), 'L'horoscope de Madame Soleil' (astrology), 'Top 50' (a reprise of the musical charts), and 'Le club de la presse' ("Press Club", political conversation). BBC Radio 5 had a translated version of Top 50 called Le Top (with Marc et La Mèche) from 1990 to 1994.

Noted journalists, presenters, and performers have included: Patrick Topaloff, Maurice Siegel, Jean Gorini, André Arnaud, Pierre Bouteiller, Pierre Bellemare, Francis Blanche, Daniel Filipacchi, Frank Ténot, Lucien Morisse, Robert Willar, Albert Simon, Laurent Ferrari and Madame Soleil. Former is Wendy Bouchard. She was succeeded by Laurence Ferrari in 2014.

In June 2021, Vincent Bolloré, the then new owner of Europe 1, presented the new programming of Europe 1, which revealed an alignment of the station's programming with the news channel CNews,^[5] including a joint show presented by Laurence Ferrari.^[6]

This announcement led to a strike by the employees of Europe 1 expressing the concern that the station will lose its journalistic independence and become influenced by partisan politics.^[6]

Under Bolloré's ownership, Europe 1 and other entities in his media empire have tilted towards the far-right. During the campaign for the 2024 French legislative election, conspiratorial polemicist Cyril Hanouna was invited to host two-hour daily radio show, On marche sur la tête, on Europe 1 in addition to hosting Touche pas à mon poste ! on C8, half of whose viewers voted for the far-right in the European Parliament elections and during which he has made controversial statements leading to fines of €7.5 million.^[7]^[8] Journalists interviewed by franceinfo claimed that they were told to report on stories reflecting the official editorial line desired by Bolloré, including a particular focus on crimes committed by illegal immigrants and a ban on referring to the National Rally or Reconquête as far-right parties, while mandating that La France Insoumise be referred to as far-left.^[9] Two days after the launch of the show, the Regulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication issued a first warning to Europe 1 for significantly overrepresenting far-right guests.^[10]

Europe 1 has been broadcast in France, from France, through a dense FM network since 1986, but the station was also broadcast on longwave by Europe 1's longwave transmitter until the end of 2019. The longwave feed was transmitted by Europäische Rundfunk- und Fernseh-AG (in English, European Radio and Television Company), broadcasting on longwave on 183 kHz from Felsberg in the Saarland.^{[citation needed]} Car radios in France scanned in 3 kHz steps making it easy to tune 183 kHz.

For longwave, the Felsberg antenna system beamed Europe 1's signal southwestward towards France.^{[citation needed]} In the easterly direction, transmissions were attenuated, so, in Eastern Europe, only a weak signal could be heard.^{[citation needed]} However, because of a defect in the antenna system, only the carrier frequency was properly screened to the east; the sidebands suffered less attenuation, so that, in the east, sideband reception was adequate (especially if using an SSB receiver) but distorted.^{[citation needed]} Following the collapse of one mast in the four-mast phased array on 8 October 2012, the two-mast reserve antenna was used, resulting in a reduced signal in parts of France but a stronger and undistorted signal in northern Europe and the British Isles.^{[citation needed]}

Carrier frequencies on the longwave band are assigned as integer multiples of nine kHz ranging from 153 to 279 kHz. However, the Europe 1 transmitter's frequency, 183 kHz, was offset from the usual nine kHz multiples established under the Geneva Plan.^{[citation needed]}

For longwave, in Felsberg, the four guyed antenna masts which were erected in 1954 and 1955 average 277 metres in height. The building where the transmitters were housed is an architecturally unusual, prestressed-concrete construction that needs no internal supporting columns. It has been designated an architectural monument by the European Union and is a protected structure.

It was reported on 23 December 2019^[11] that an email from Lagardère Active had confirmed that the longwave service of Europe 1 would cease transmission at midnight CET on 1 January 2020. In the event, Europe 1 longwave transmission ceased on 31 December 2019 at 23:30 CET.