Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), commonly referred to as SFR Yugoslavia or simply as Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It emerged in 1945, following World War II, and lasted until 1992, with the breakup of Yugoslavia occurring as a consequence of the Yugoslav Wars. Spanning an area of 255,804 square kilometres (98,766 sq mi) in the Balkans, Yugoslavia was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west, by Austria and Hungary to the north, by Bulgaria and Romania to the east, and by Albania and Greece to the south. It was a one-party socialist state and federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and had six constituent republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Within Serbia was the Yugoslav capital city of Belgrade as well as two autonomous Yugoslav provinces: Kosovo and Vojvodina.

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Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963) Federativna Narodna Republika Jugoslavija (Serbo-Croatian Latin) Федеративна Народна Република Југославија (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic) Федеративна Народна Република Југославија (Macedonian) Federativna ljudska republika Jugoslavija (Slovene) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992) Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija (Serbo-Croatian Latin) Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic) Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија (Macedonian) Socialistična federativna republika Jugoslavija (Slovene)
1945–1992
Flag (1946–1992) Emblem (1963–1992)
Motto: "Brotherhood and unity" Bratstvo i jedinstvo (Serbo-Croatian Latin) Братство и јединство (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic) Bratstvo in enotnost (Slovene) Братство и единство (Macedonian)
Anthem: [b] Hej, Slaveni[c] (Serbo-Croatian Latin) Хеј, Слaвени (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic) Hej, Slovani (Slovene) Еј, Словени (Macedonian) "Hey, Slavs"
Map of Europe in 1989, showing Yugoslavia highlighted in green
Capital and largest city	Belgrade 44°49′12″N 20°25′39″E
Official languages	None at the federal level[a]
Recognised national languages	Serbo-Croatian Slovene Macedonian
Official script	Cyrillic  • Latin
Ethnic groups (1981)	Serbs (36.3%) Croats (19.7%) Bosniaks (8.9%) Slovenes (7.8%) Albanians (7.7%) Macedonians (6.0%) Yugoslavs (5.4%) Montenegrins (2.6%) Hungarians (1.9%) Others (3.6%)[1]
Religion	Secular state[2][3] State atheism (de facto)
Demonym(s)	Yugoslav Yugoslavian
Government	1945–1948: Federal Marxist–Leninist one-party parliamentary socialist republic 1948–1971: Federal Titoist one-party presidential socialist republic 1971–1990: Federal Titoist one-party parliamentary socialist directoral republic 1990–1992: Federal parliamentary directoral republic
General Secretary
• 1945–1980 (first)	Josip Broz Tito
• 1989–1990 (last)	Milan Pančevski
President
• 1945–1953 (first)	Ivan Ribar
• 1991 (last)	Stjepan Mesić
Prime Minister
• 1945–1963 (first)	Josip Broz Tito
• 1989–1991 (last)	Ante Marković
Legislature	Federal Assembly
• Upper house	Chamber of Republics
• Lower house	Federal Chamber
Historical era	Cold War
• DFY formed	29 November 1943
• SFRY proclaimed	29 November 1945
• Constitution adopted	31 January 1946
• Tito–Stalin split	c. 1948
• Non-Aligned Movement	1 September 1961
• Second constitution	7 April 1963
• Third constitution	21 February 1974
• Death of Josip Broz Tito	4 May 1980
• Start of the Yugoslav Wars	27 June 1991
• Disintegrated	27 April 1992
Area
• Total	255,804 km2 (98,766 sq mi)
Population
• 1991 estimate	23,229,846
HDI (1990 formula)	0.913[4] very high
Currency	Yugoslav dinar (YUN)[d]
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+38
Internet TLD	.yu
Preceded by Succeeded by Democratic Federal Yugoslavia Free Territory of Trieste Croatia Slovenia Macedonia Bosnia and Herzegovina Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
^ There was no de jure official language at the federal level,[5][6][7] but Serbo-Croatian functioned as the lingua franca of Yugoslavia, being the only language taught throughout the entire country. It was the official language of four federal republics out of six in total: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia.[5][6] Fourteen languages were official in one or more federal units of Yugoslavia, including Slovene, Macedonian, Albanian and Hungarian.[8] ^ "Hey, Slavs" as a national anthem was not constitutionally adopted until 1988, and named as the "temporary state anthem" until 1977. The song was a de facto anthem of the AVNOJ legislative body since 1943. There have been several attempts at promoting other, more specifically, Yugoslav songs to replace "Hey, Slavs" as the national anthem until the search was abandoned. ^ Alternatively spelled as Hej, Sloveni / Хеј, Словени in the Serbian variety of Serbo-Croatian. ^ Code "YUF" used 1945–65, "YUD" used 1966–89, "YUN" used 1990–92.

The SFR Yugoslavia traces its origins to 26 November 1942, when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II to resist Axis occupation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Following the country's liberation, King Peter II was deposed, the monarchy was ended, and on 29 November 1945, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed. Led by Josip Broz Tito, the new communist government sided with the Eastern Bloc at the beginning of the Cold War but pursued a policy of neutrality following the Tito–Stalin split in 1948; it became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement, and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism.

Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980, the Yugoslav economy started to collapse, which increased unemployment and inflation.[9][10] The economic crisis led to rising ethnic nationalism and political dissidence in the late 1980s and early 1990s. With the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, efforts to transition into a confederation failed; the two wealthiest republics, Croatia and Slovenia, seceded and gained some international recognition in 1991. The federation dissolved along the borders of federated republics, hastened by the start of the Yugoslav Wars, and formally broke up on 27 April 1992. Two republics, Serbia and Montenegro, remained within a reconstituted state known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, or FR Yugoslavia, but this state was not recognized internationally as the sole successor state to SFR Yugoslavia. "Former Yugoslavia" is now commonly used retrospectively.