HM Prison Manchester

"Strangeways" redirects here. For other uses, see Strangeways (disambiguation).

HM Prison Manchester is a Category A and B men's prison in Manchester, England, operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. It is still commonly referred to as Strangeways, which was its former official name derived from the area in which it is located, until it was rebuilt following a major riot in 1990.

Manchester Prison

Location	Strangeways, Manchester
Security class	Adult Male/Category A+B
Capacity	744
Population	~624 (as of October 2021[1])
Opened	1868
Former name	Strangeways
Managed by	HM Prison Services
Governor	Rob Knight
Website	Manchester at justice.gov.uk
Designations Listed Building – Grade II Official name Former Boys Prison Block of HMP Manchester Designated 2 October 1974 Reference no. 1254635 Listed Building – Grade II Official name Main Prison Block of HMP Manchester Designated 2 October 1974 Reference no. 1254636 Listed Building – Grade II Official name Gatehouse of HMP Manchester Designated 2 October 1974 Reference no. 1254670 Listed Building – Grade II Official name The Tower of HMP Manchester Designated 2 October 1974 Reference no. 1254672

It is a local prison, holding prisoners remanded into custody from courts in the Manchester area and Category A prisoners (those held under maximum security conditions).

The prison featured an execution chamber prior to the abolition of capital punishment in the United Kingdom in the 1960s; the last execution at the prison took place in 1964.

Strangeways was designed by Alfred Waterhouse and opened in 1868 alongside the demolished Manchester Assize Courts. The prison is known for its prominent ventilation tower and imposing design, structured by the principles of the separate system.

History

Strangeways ventilation tower

Construction of the Grade II listed prison was completed in 1869,^[2] to replace the New Bailey Prison in Salford, which closed in 1868.^[3] The prison, designed by Alfred Waterhouse in 1862 with input from Joshua Jebb,^[2] cost £170,000 (equivalent to £20,037,482 in 2023) and had a capacity of 1,000 inmates. Its 234-foot (71 m) tall ventilation tower (often mistaken for a watchtower) has become a local landmark.^[4] The prison's walls, which are rumoured to be 16 feet (4.9 m) thick, are said to be impenetrable from either inside or out.

The prison has an element of the separate system with its plan in the form of a star or a snowflake, with two blocks housing ten wings that emanate from a central core where the ventilation tower is situated.^[5] The prison consists of two radial blocks branching from the central core with a total of ten wings (A to F in one block, and G, H, I, and K in the second).^[6]

The jail was built on the grounds of Strangeways Park and Gardens, from which it was named. Strangeways was recorded in 1322 as Strangwas from the Anglo-Saxon Strang and gewæsc meaning "[a place by] a stream with a strong current".

The prison was open to male and female prisoners until 1963 when the facility became male-only,^[7] and in 1980 it began to accept remand prisoners. As of 2005 the prison held more than 1,200 inmates.^{[needs update]}

As a place of execution

Overlooking Manchester Arena and the old Boddingtons tower to Strangeways.

Originally, the prison contained an execution shed in B wing and after World War I a special execution room and cell for the condemned criminal was built. Strangeways was one of the few prisons to have permanent gallows.^[4] The first execution at Strangeways was that of twenty-year-old murderer Michael Johnson, who was hanged by William Calcraft on 29 March 1869.^[8]

Twenty-nine hangings took place over the next twenty years and 71 took place in the 20th century, bringing the total number to 100. During the second half of the century, the number of executions decreased, with no hangings between 1954 and 28 November 1962, when James Smith was executed. John Robson Walby (alias Gwynne Owen Evans), one of the last two people to be hanged in England, was executed here on 13 August 1964. Out of the 100 hangings, four were double hangings, while the rest were done individually. The "quickest hanging" of James Inglis, in seven seconds, carried out by Albert Pierrepoint, took place here.^[9]

Other executions

• John Jackson was executed on 7 August 1879.
• Mary Ann Britland (38) was executed on 9 August 1886 for the murder of two family members and her neighbour. She was the first woman to be executed at the prison.
• Thom Davies was hanged on 9 January 1889 for sexual deviancy charges.
• Lieutenant Frederick Rothwell Holt was hanged on 13 April 1920 for the murder of twenty-six-year-old Kathleen Breaks.
• Louie Calvert was hanged on 24 June 1926.^[4]
• Doctor Buck Ruxton was executed on 12 May 1936 for the murder of his wife. A petition for clemency was signed by 10,000 people, both sympathetic locals with high regard for this "people's doctor" and abolitionists who mounted a large demonstration on the day of his execution.
• Margaret Allen was hanged on 12 January 1949 by Albert Pierrepoint for the murder of an elderly widower. Her execution was the first of a woman in Britain for 12 years^[4] and the third execution of a woman at Strangeways.
• After the seven second hanging, Albert Pierrepoint executed Louisa May Merrifield on 18 September 1953. She was the fourth and last woman to be executed at the prison.^[10]

The bodies of executed criminals were buried in unmarked graves within the prison walls, as was the custom. During prison rebuilding work in 1991, the remains of 63 executed prisoners (of which 45 were identifiable) were exhumed from unmarked graves in the prison cemetery^[11] and cremated at Blackley Crematorium in Manchester. The cremated remains were re-interred in two graves (plot C2710 and C2711) at the adjacent cemetery.^[12][13]

The following people were hanged at Manchester Prison between 1869 and 1964:

People hanged at Manchester 1869–1964

Date hanged	Name	Reason given
29 March 1869	Michael Johnson	murder of Patrick Nurney
26 December 1870	Patrick Durr	murder of his wife, Catherine
30 December 1872	Michael Kennedy	murder of his wife, Ann
21 December 1876	William Flanagan alias Robinson	murder of Margaret Dockerty
27 March 1877	John M'Kenna	murder of his wife, Annie
4 February 1878	George Pigott	murder of Florence Galloway
19 November 1878	James McGowan	murder of his wife
20 May 1879	William Cooper	murder of Ellen Mather
17 February 1880	William Cassidy	murder of his wife, Rosemary Ann
28 November 1881	John Aspinall Simpson	murder of Ann Ratcliffe
13 February 1882	Robert Templeton	murder of Betty Scott
12 February 1883	Abraham Thomas	murder of Christiana Leigh
26 November 1883	Thomas Riley	murder of Elizabeth Alston
24 November 1884	Kay Howarth[h 1]	murder of Richard Dugdale
24 November 1884	Harry Hammond Swindells	murder of James Wild
9 August 1886	Mary Ann Britland	murders of daughter Elizabeth, husband Thomas and Mary Dixon
15 February 1887	Thomas Leatherbarrow	murder of Katherine Quinn
30 May 1887	Walter Wood	murder of his wife, Emma
15 May 1888	John Alfred Gell	murder of Mary Miller
7 August 1888	John Jackson (Charles Firth)	murder of Ralph D Webb
24 December 1889	William Dukes	murder of George Gordon
19 May 1891	Alfred William Turner	murder of Mary Ellen Moran
20 December 1892	Joseph Mellor	murder of his wife, Mary Jane
28 November 1893	Emanuel Hamar	murder of Catherine Tyrer
31 July 1894	William Crossley	murder of Mary Ann Allen
27 November 1894	James Wilshaw Whitehead	murder of his wife
4 August 1896	Joseph Hurst	murder of his daughter, Maud Goddard
22 February 1898	George William Howe	murder of Joseph Keirby Pickup
6 December 1899	Michael Dowdle	murder of his wife, Ellen
4 December 1900	Joseph Holden	murder of his grandson, John Dawes
3 December 1901	Patrick M'Kenna	murder of his wife, Anna
2 December 1902	Henry Mack	murder of Esther Elizabeth Bedford or Thompson
12 May 1903	William George Hudson	murder of Harry Short
2 December 1903	Charles Whittaker	murder of Eliza Range
27 February 1906	John Griffiths	murder of Catherine Garrity
12 May 1908	John Ramsbottom	murder of James McCraw
28 July 1908	Fred Ballington	murder of his wife, Ellen
3 August 1909	Mark Shawcross	murder of Emily Ramsbottom
22 February 1910	Joseph Wren	murder of John Collins
12 December 1911	Walter Martyn	murder of Edith Griffiths
12 December 1911	John Edward Tarkenter	murder of his wife, Rosetta
23 July 1912	Arthur Birkett	murder of Alice Beetham
13 August 1913	James Ryder	murder of his wife, Ann
17 December 1913	Ernest Edwin Kelly	murder of Daniel Wright Bardsley
8 March 1916	Fred Holmes	murder of Sarah Woodall
29 March 1916	Reginald Haslam	murder of Isabella Holmes Conway
19 December 1916	James Howarth Hargreaves	murder of Caroline McGhee
21 March 1917	Thomas Clinton	murder of Henry Lynch.
17 December 1918	William Rooney	murder of his sister in law, Mary Rooney
6 January 1920	Hyman Perdovitch	murder of Solomon Franks
6 January 1920	David Caplan	murder of his wife, Freda
13 April 1920	Frederick Rothwell Holt	murder of Katherine Elsie Breaks
22 June 1920	William Thomas Aldred	murder of Ida Prescott
31 December 1920	Charles Colclough	murder of George Henry Shenton
5 April 1921	Frederick Quarmby	murder of Christina A Smith
24 May 1921	Thomas Wilson	murder of Olive Duff
30 May 1922	Hiram Thompson	murder of his wife, Ellen
3 January 1923	George Frederick Edisbury	murder of Winifred Drinkwater
28 March 1923	George Perry	murder of Emma Perry
8 April 1924	Francis Wilson Booker	murder of Percy Sharpe
13 August 1924	John Charles Horner	murder of Norman Widderson Pinchin
26 May 1925	Patrick Power	murder of Sarah Ann Sykes
11 August 1925	James Makin	murder of Sarah Elizabeth Clutton
15 December 1925	Sam Johnson	murder of Beatrice Philomina Martin
16 March 1926	William Thorpe	murder of Frances Clarke
24 June 1926	Louie Calvert	murder of Lilly Waterhouse
3 January 1928	Fred Fielding	murder of Eleanor Pilkington
28 June 1928	Walter Brooks	murder of Beatrice Brooks and Alfred Moore
6 December 1928	Chung Yi Miao	murder of Wai Sheung Yi Miao
4 April 1929	George Cartledge	murder of his wife, Ellen
16 April 1931	Francis Land	murder of Sarah Ellen Johnson
15 December 1931	Solomon Stein	murder of Annie Riley
3 February 1932	George Alfred Rice	murder of Constance Inman
18 May 1932	Charles James Cowle	murder of Naomi Annie Farnworth
19 December 1933	William Burtoft	murder of Frances Levin
30 May 1935	John Harris Bridge	murder of Amelia Nuttall
12 May 1936	Buck Ruxton	murder of his wife, Isabelle and Mary Jane Rogerson
4 February 1937	Max Mayer Haslam	murder of Ruth Clarke
12 August 1937	Horace William Brunt	murder of Kate Elizabeth Collier
20 April 1938	Charles James Caldwell	murder of his wife, Elisa Augustine
11 February 1941	Clifford Holmes	murder of his wife, Irene
4 September 1941	John Smith	murder of Margaret Helen Knight
26 July 1944	James Galbraith	murder of James William Percey
9 April 1946	Harold Berry	murder of Bernard Phillips
24 April 1946	Martin Patrick Coffey	murder of Harold Dutton
27 February 1947	Walter Graham Rowland	murder of Olive Balchin
12 January 1949	Margaret Allen	murder of Nancy Ellen Chadwick
28 November 1950	James Henry Corbitt	murder of Eliza Wood
19 December 1950	Nicholas Persoulious Crosby	murder of Ruth Massey
26 January 1951	Nenad Kovacevic	murder of Radomir Djorovic
8 May 1951	James Inglis	murder of Alice Morgan
12 June 1951	John Dand	murder of Walter Wyld
3 July 1951	Jack Wright	murder of Mona Mather
15 January 1952	Alfred Bradley	murder of George Camp
26 February 1952	Herbert Roy Harris	murder of his wife, Eileen
18 September 1953	Louisa May Merrifield	murder of Sarah Ann Rickets
17 December 1953	Stanislaw Juras	murder of Erena Wagner
8 January 1954	Czeslaw Kowalewski	murder of Doris Douglas
28 November 1962	James Smith	murder of Sarah Isabella Cross
13 August 1964	Gwynne Owen Evans	murder of John Allen West

1. Kay Howarth (a male)

Strangeways riots

Main article: 1990 Strangeways Prison riot

Between 1 April and 25 April 1990, 147 staff and 47 prisoners were injured in a series of riots by prison inmates. There was one fatality among the prisoners, and one prison officer died from heart failure.^[14] Much of the old prison was damaged or destroyed in the rioting. Several inmates were charged with various offences, and Paul Taylor and Alan Lord faced a five-month trial as ringleaders.

The riots resulted in the Woolf Inquiry, and the prison was rebuilt and renamed Her Majesty's Prison, Manchester. Repair and modernisation cost more than £80 million after the riot, and rebuilding was completed in 1994.^[15]

The prison post-1994

The prison is a high-security category A prison for adult males and has a maximum capacity of 1,269 as of 4 August 2008. Operation of the prison was put out to tender in 1994 and 2001.^[6] Accommodation is divided into nine wings in two radial blocks. Cells are a mixture of single and double occupancy, all having in-cell power points and integral sanitation.

The prison has become known for a high suicide rate following its reopening in 1994. From 1993 to 2003, Strangeways prison had the second highest number of suicides among inmates of any prison in the United Kingdom^[16] and, in 2004, Strangeways had the highest number of suicides in the country.^[17]

Education and vocational training is provided by the Manchester College. Courses offered include information technology, ESOL, numeracy, industrial cleaning, bricklaying, painting and decorating, plastering, textiles and laundry. The prison's gym runs courses in physical education and offers recreational sport and fitness programmes.

In 2015, The Daily Telegraph reported that a drone aircraft was being used in an attempt to deliver drugs and smartphones to precise locations within the prison.^[18]

In 2016, Nicky Reilly, also known as Mohammed Saeed Alim, a Muslim convert was found dead in his cell after hanging himself. Reilly had a chronic history of self harm, and it was also known that he was autistic and had a personality disorder. A jury decided it was "more likely than not" that he did not intend to die and "acted impulsively." It is unclear if Reilly understood the concept of death or could form the intent to die. Senior coroner, Joanne Kearsley said evidence given at the court raised "significant concerns." Kearsley said she was not convinced the prison had a clear plan and awareness of his needs and she questioned why he was not under a care programme approach (CPA) where care coordinators are given to individual prisoners. The coroner asked whether a type of review should be considered for prisoners with recognised lifelong mental health problems and chronic risk of self-harm.^[19]

In 2017, a report by the Independent Monitoring Board described Manchester Prison as squalid, vermin infested and reminiscent of Dickensian England. The report added that the prison urgently needed modernisation and assaults on staff have risen owing to staff shortages.^[20]

In 2022, Manchester City Council leader Bev Craig called on the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) to move HMP Manchester elsewhere in the region, as the building is "not suitable for the significant remodelling or expansion it would need to meet modern-day requirements for a prison". However, the MoJ said there were "no plans to close or relocate" the jail.^[21]

Notable inmates

• Joey Barton, footballer jailed for assault.^[22]
• Brendan Behan, Irish republican, playwright and poet, imprisoned in Strangeways in 1947 for attempting to free an IRA prisoner.^[23]
• Ian Brady, held for theft prior to the Moors murders.^[24]
• Mark Bridger – a paedophile who abducted and murdered a 5-year-old girl. Was held at Strangeways on remand; moved to HM Prison Wakefield after being sentenced.
• David Britton, author of Lord Horror, the last publication to be banned under the Obscene Publications Act.^[25]
• Charles Bronson, a criminal who has been referred to in the British press as the "most violent prisoner in Britain" and "Britain's most notorious prisoner".
• Ian Brown, musician and singer-songwriter jailed for "air rage". Wrote three songs inside: "Free My Way", "So Many Soldiers", and "Set My Baby Free". Released in December 1999.^[26]
• Valdo Calocane, perpetrator of the 2023 Nottingham attacks in which three people were stabbed to death and three others were injured. Held at HMP Manchester briefly whilst awaiting trial before later being transferred to Ashworth Hospital.^[27]
• Thomas Cashman, convicted of shooting dead a nine-year-old girl in Liverpool in August 2022.^[28][29]
• Connor Chapman, the gunman from the Christmas Eve 2022 Wallasey pub shooting.^[30]
• Dale Cregan, held there on remand whilst awaiting trial for murder.^[31]
• Emily Davison, suffragette, sentenced to a month's hard labour in 1909 after throwing rocks at the carriage of chancellor David Lloyd George. Hunger strike led to force feeding. Blockaded herself in her cell and sued Strangeways for using a water cannon.^[32]
• David Dickinson, TV presenter specialising in antiques, imprisoned for fraud in pre-celebrity days.^[33]
• James Inglis, the world's fastest hanging.^[9]
• Benjamin Mendy, French football player.^[34]
• Christabel Pankhurst, suffragette, was held for a week.^[2]
• Gordon Park, convicted in 2005 of murdering his first wife, Carol Park, in 1976.^[35]
• Harold Shipman, serial killer, who was held there on remand whilst awaiting trial.^[36]
• Reynhard Sinaga, an Indonesian serial rapist found guilty of assaulting 48 men and 136 counts of rape.^[37]
• Kiaran Stapleton, shot dead an Indian international student in December 2011.^[38]
• Ray Teret – former radio DJ and friend of Jimmy Savile convicted of a series of sexual offences, including seven rapes, for which he was sentenced to 25 years in prison. Died at HMP Manchester in 2021.
• Catherine Tolson and Helen Tolson, suffragette sisters imprisoned in 1909 for breaking glass at White City in Manchester.

Cultural references

• "Strangeways", a track on the 1987 rock album The House of Blue Light by Deep Purple.
• Strangeways, Here We Come, 1987 album by The Smiths.
• Strangeways, Here We Come, a 2017 comedy drama filmed in Salford.
• 'Mad' Frankie Fraser (1982) was held on 'A' Wing and excused boots for supposed fallen arches.
• Eric Allison (1970) went on to be The Guardian Prison Reporter and author of A Serious Disturbance, an account of the Strangeways Riot. A chapter of Eric's book was written by former Strangeways Hospital Officer John G. Sutton.
• In the song "There Goes a Tenner" from the album The Dreaming, Kate Bush sings of being "a star in Strangeways". The song is about a botched bank robbery.
• The song "Fallowfield Hillbilly", from the album St. Jude by Manchester band The Courteeners, refers to Strangeways and the type of people that "indie snobs" perceive to be its inmates.
• In the comic Hellblazer, issue 34 (October 1990), the main character John Constantine refers to Strangeways prison "exploding with [excrement] and blood," and describes its holding cells as "Victorian pressure cookers" into which government officials who turn a blind eye should be squeezed to "see what pops out of [their] pimple."
• In his poem "Are You the Business?", John Cooper Clarke asks "Is Strangeways full of prisoners?".^[39]
• In the TV series Shameless, Frank Gallagher often refers to his time in Strangeways.
• In the TV series Beautiful People, Debbie Doonan, who dislikes the police, shouts to an officer "them blokes from Strangeways had the right idea," a reference to the Strangeways Prison riot.
• Graham Fellows, in his comedic persona of John Shuttleworth, wrote a song that began, "You're like Manchester, you've got strange ways".
• "Strangeways Hotel", a song by Mike Harding.
• In the book Pollen by Mancunian author Jeff Noon two of the central characters visit Strangeways in order to speak to a prisoner. The prison has become a "Virtual" (sic) prison, where the inmates are kept locked in drawers on large amounts of a psychoactive drug that puts them into a permanent, pleasant dreamlike state.
• Strangeways was the name of the "prison cat" in the 1960 movie Two-Way Stretch, a comedy set inside a fictitious Manchester Prison which starred Peter Sellers, Lionel Jefferies and Wilfrid Hyde-White.
• In an episode of Hancock's Half Hour, Bill Kerr defends Sid James's character with the words - "He's not a criminal - he's just got strange ways."
• In the Welsh sitcom High Hopes, Richard 'Fagin' Hepplewhite served eight years in Strangeways for second degree murder.

See also

• Listed buildings in Manchester-M60

References

1. "Report on unannounced inspection of HMP Manchester" (PDF). 31 May 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
2. "Strangeways Prison, Manchester". Manchester 2002 UK. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
3. "Archive and local collections - Prison records | Manchester City Council".
4. "Strangeways Prison". Capital Punishment U.K. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
5. Miller, Keith (14 June 2003). "Making the grade: Strangeways". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
6. "Manchester". His Majesty's Prison Service. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
7. "Heritage Gateway - Results".
8. Fielding 1994, p. 7
9. Fielding 2008, pp. 239–240
10. Eddleston 2004, p. 839
11. "Mass Exhumation". Cherished Land. Archived from the original on 4 June 2002. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
12. "Consistory Court Cases 2007" (PDF). Ecclesiastical Law Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
13. "What Did Happen to the Remains of the Prisoners Executed at Manchester?". Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
14. "On This Day: 1 April". BBC News. 1 April 1990. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
15. de Leng, Stephanie (12 May 2011). "Life in Strangeways". Liverpool Confidential. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
16. "Shock suicide toll at Strangeways". Manchester Evening News. 29 January 2003. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
17. "Prison suicide record condemned". BBC News. 8 February 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
18. Danny Boyle (9 November 2015). "Strangeways prison smugglers crash drone delivering drugs and mobile phones". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
19. Death in prison of man with Asperger's 'raises serious concerns' The Guardian
20. HMP Manchester conditions 'squalid', report says BBC
21. "Strangeways: MoJ will not move jail despite relocate call". BBC News. 2 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
22. "Joey Barton released from prison". BBC News. 28 July 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
23. Letters of Brendan Behan, McGill-Queen's University Press 1992, p. 48
24. Glinert, Ed (24 April 2008). The Manchester Compendium: A Street-by-Street History of England's Greatest Industrial City. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 9780141029306.
25. "Last author banned as 'obscene' comes out of hiding for Manchester exhibition on boundary-pushing books". Mancunian Matters. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
26. "Articles". Dave Haslam. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
27. "Judiciary UK" (PDF). Retrieved 25 January 2024.
28. "Olivia Pratt-Korbel: Thomas Cashman in court for pre-trial review". BBC News. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
29. "Thomas Cashman guilty: Olivia mum 'ecstatic' at murder conviction". BBC News. 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
30. "Elle Edwards: Man charged with murder appears in court". BBC News. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
31. Mwamba, Ramazani (7 January 2023). "Strangeways' most notorious inmates as prison's future hangs in balance". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
32. "BBC - History - Emily Davison".
33. "The Official David Dickinson Website". Retrieved 11 July 2010.
34. Thompson, Harry (5 January 2022). "Benjamin Mendy's vermin-infested prison stay - execution history and riots". mirror. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
35. "Vigil for Lady in the Lake killer". BBC News. 28 January 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
36. "He plays chess. He reads. And he tells everyone he?s innocent". The Independent. 20 July 2002.
37. "Reynhard Sinaga: 'Evil sexual predator' jailed for life for 136 rapes". BBC News. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
38. Wheatstone, Richard (9 February 2015). "Killer of student Anuj Bidve, lifer Kiaran Stapleton, paints giant Rovers Return mural on Strangeways prison walls". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
39. "Are You The Business!". cyberspike.com.

Bibliography

• Eddleston, John J. (2004). The Encyclopaedia of Executions. London: John Blake Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84454-058-8.
• Fielding, Steve (1994). The Hangman's Record. Vol. One: 1868–1899. Beckenham: Chancery House Press. ISBN 0-900246-65-0.
• Fielding, Steve (2008). Pierrepoint: A Family of Executioners. London: John Blake Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84454-611-4.

External links

• Capital punishments executed at Strangeways, Manchester in the 20th century^[usurped]
• Ministry of Justice pages on Manchester

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