John I, Duke of Brabant

John I, also called John the Victorious (1252/1253 – 3 May 1294) was Duke of Brabant (1267–1294), Lothier and Limburg (1288–1294). During the 13th century, John I was venerated as a folk hero.^[1] He has been painted as the perfect model of a brave, adventurous and chivalrous feudal prince.^[2]

John I
John going to battle, from the Codex Manesse
Duke of Brabant and Lothier
Reign	1267–1294
Predecessor	Henry
Successor	John II
Duke of Limburg
Reign	1288–1294
Predecessor	Reginald I of Guelders
Successor	John II
Born	1252
Died	3 May 1294 (aged 41 or 42)
Burial	Franciscan Church, Brussels
Spouses	Margaret of France Margaret of Flanders
Issue	John II, Duke of Brabant Margaret, German Queen Marie, Countess of Savoy
House	House of Reginar
Father	Henry III, Duke of Brabant
Mother	Adelaide of Burgundy
Coat of arms

Life

John I's effigy on a silver coin. Struck in Brussels or Leuven during his reign.

Born in Leuven, he was the son of Henry III, Duke of Brabant and Aleidis of Burgundy,^[3] daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy. He was also an older brother of Maria of Brabant, Queen consort of Philip III of France. In 1267 his older brother Henry IV, Duke of Brabant, being mentally deficient, was deposed in his favour.^[4]

John's greatest military victory was the Battle of Worringen 1288, by which John I came to reign over the Duchy of Limburg. He was completely outnumbered in forces but led the successful invasion into the Rhineland to defeat the confederacy. In 1288 Limburg was formally attached to Brabant.^[2]

John I was said to be a model of feudal prince: brave, adventurous; excelling in every form of active exercise, fond of display, and generous in temper. He was considered one of the most gifted princes of his time.^[2] This made him very popular in Middle Ages poetry and literature. Even today there exists an ode to him, so well known that it was a potential candidate to be the North Brabant anthem. John I delighted in tournaments and was always eager to take part in jousts.^[2] He was also famous for his many illegitimate children.

On 3 May 1294 at some marriage festivities at Bar-le-Duc, John I was mortally wounded in the arm in an encounter by Pierre de Bausner.^[2] He was buried in the church of the Order of Friars Minor (Minderbroederskerk) in Brussels, but since the Protestant iconoclasm (Beeldenstorm) in 1566, nothing remains of his tomb.

Family and children

Marriage of John and Margaret of Flanders from the Chronicle Brabantse Yeesten by Jan Van Boendaele.

John was married twice. On 5 September 1270, he married Margaret, daughter of Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence.^[5] They had a son, but both mother and child died shortly after his birth.

In 1273, John married Margaret (d. 3 July 1285), daughter of Guy, Count of Flanders^[6] and had the following children:

1. Godfrey (1273/74 – aft. 13 September 1283).
2. John II of Brabant (1275–1312).
3. Margaret (4 October 1276 – 14 December 1311, Genoa), married 9 July 1292 to Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor.
4. Marie (d. after 2 December 1338), married to Count Amadeus V of Savoy.

John I had several illegitimate children:

1. Gillis van der Balcht
2. Jean Meuwe, Seigneur of Wavre and Dongelberg.^[7]
3. Margareta of Tervuren, she was married on 2 March 1292 to Jean de Rode de Lantwyck
4. Jan Pylyser (1272–1342)
5. Jan van der Plasch

Legacy

The duke is remembered in the folkish song Harbalorifa^[8][1] that remains popular. The popular Dutch beer Hertog Jan was named after the duke. Also the beer Primus of the Haacht Brewery [nl] is named after John I (Jan Primus).

Ancestry

Ancestors of John I, Duke of Brabant[9]
8. Henry I, Duke of Brabant 4. Henry II, Duke of Brabant 9. Matilda of Flanders 2. Henry III, Duke of Brabant 10. Philip of Swabia 5. Marie of Swabia 11. Irene Angelina 1. John I, Duke of Brabant 12. Odo III, Duke of Burgundy 6. Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy 13. Alice of Vergy 3. Adelaide of Burgundy 14. Robert III, Count of Dreux 7. Yolande of Dreux 15. Aenor of Saint-Valéry

See also

• Dukes of Brabant family tree
• Hertog Jan

References

1. Harrie Beex www.bossche-encyclopedie.nl
2. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "John I. of Brabant and Lorraine" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 445.
3. Dunbabin 2011, p. xiv.
4. Appelmans 2005, p. 165.
5. Richard 1992, p. xxiv.
6. Verbruggen 2002, p. 8.
7. Messager des sciences historiques, ou, Archives des arts et de la bibliographie de Belgique. Impr. et Lithographie de L. Hebbelynck. 1889. p. 194.
8. Het lied van Hertog Jan Archived 7 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine www.codeximperium.be
9. Douglas Richardson (2013) Royal Ancestry, Vol.1 pp.499-503 (Brabant), Vol.2 pp.28-31 (Burgundy), Vol.3 pp.469-472 (Dreux).

Bibliography

• Appelmans, Janick (2005). "The Abbey of Affligem and the Emergence of a Historiographic Tradition in Brabant (1268–1322)". In Milis, Ludovicus; Verbeke, Werner; Goossens, Jean (eds.). Medieval Narrative Sources: A Gateway Into the Medieval Mind. Leuven University Press.
• Dunbabin, Jean (2011). The French in the Kingdom of Sicily, 1266–1305. Cambridge University Press.
• Richard, Jean (1992). Lloyd, Simon (ed.). Saint Louis: Crusader King of France. Translated by Birrell, Jean. Cambridge University Press.
• Verbruggen, J.F. (2002). DeVries, Kelly (ed.). The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Courtrai, 11 July 1302). Translated by Ferguson, David Richard. Boydell Press.
• H. Barlandus, Rerum gestarum a Brabantiae ducibus historia usque in annum 1526 (Leuven, 1566)
• G. C. van der Berghe, Jean le Victorieux, duc de Brabant (1259–1294), (Leuven, 1857)
• K. F. Stallaert, Gesch. v. Jan I. van Braband en zijne tijdvak (Brussels, 1861)
• A. Wauters, Le Duc Jean I^er et le Brabant sous le règne de ce prince (Brussels, 1859)

Regnal titles
Preceded by Henry IV	Duke of Brabant and Lothier 1267–1294	Succeeded by John II
Preceded by Reginald	Duke of Limburg 1288–1294