List of mountains in Lebanon

The geomorphology of Lebanon consists of the coastal plain, the western mountain range (Mount Lebanon), an interior valley (the Beqaa Valley), and the eastern mountain range (the Anti-Lebanon). The Mount Lebanon range stretches from the northern region of Jabal Akkar southward, reaching elevations of 3,088 m (10,131 ft) at Qurnat as Sawda, Mount Makmel's highest peak, down to 1,091 m (3,579 ft) in Jabal Niha. The hills of Jabal Amel begin after Jabal Niha.^[1] This total length of the Mount Lebanon range is 160 km (99 mi) with a width ranging from 45 km (28 mi) in its northern section, and 25 km (16 mi) in its central part. Numerous smaller hills that create a transitional zone between the sea and the peaks. The western face of the Mount Lebanon range features a series of narrow valleys that run parallel to each other, sloping westward towards the sea, and channeling various watercourses. The eastern slopes descend toward the Beqaa Valley and are steeper compared to their western counterparts. During winter, a few seasonal rivers emerge from the eastern face snowmelt.^[2][3]

Satellite image of Lebanon showing snow-covered prominences

The Anti-Lebanon mountain range begins in Yanta and ends in Shebaa, and measure more than 100 km (62 mi) long and 30 km (19 mi) wide. Unlike Mount Lebanon, the Anti-Lebanon is devoid of deep valleys.^[2] This page contains a sortable table listing mountains of Lebanon in both the eastern and western mountain ranges.

List

Mountains in Lebanon^[4]

Mountain	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Coordinates	Range	Governorate	Notes
Jabal al-Makmel (Mount Makmel)	3,088[1][5]	10,131	34.301272°N 36.115134°E / 34.301272; 36.115134	Mount Lebanon	North and Baalbek-Hermel	Highest peak: Qurnat as Sawda
Jabal el-Mnaitra	2,911	9,547	34.075102°N 35.8792225°E / 34.075102; 35.8792225	Mount Lebanon	Keserwan-Jbeil
Jabal esh-Sheikh (Mount Hermon)	2,814[6]	9,232	33.4247255°N 35.8614104°E / 33.4247255; 35.8614104	Anti-Lebanon mountains	Nabatieh	Highest peak: Sharet Haramoun (aka Qasr Antar)
Jabal Sannine (Mount Sannine)	2,695[7]	8,839	33.9499934°N 35.8410312°E / 33.9499934; 35.8410312	Mount Lebanon	Mount Lebanon and Beqaa
Jabal el-Knayseh	2,093	6,868	33.8454671°N 35.7987422°E / 33.8454671; 35.7987422	Mount Lebanon	Mount Lebanon and Beqaa
Jabal al-Barouk	1,930	6,332	33.7263242°N 35.7190146°E / 33.7263242; 35.7190146	Mount Lebanon	Mount Lebanon
Jabal Niha	1,809[2]	5,938.	33.5666658°N 35.6230336°E / 33.5666658; 35.6230336	Mount Lebanon	Mount Lebanon
Jabal Akkar	1,748	5,735	34.4130819°N 36.0843154°E / 34.4130819; 36.0843154	Mount Lebanon	Akkar, North and Baalbek-Hermel
Jabal al-Rihane (‘Arid Zannar)[8]	~1,400[8]	~4,593	33.4456788°N 35.5519397°E / 33.4456788; 35.5519397	Mount Lebanon	South
Jabal Safi (Mount Saphon)[lower-alpha 1][8]	1,300[11]	4,265	33.5106008°N 35.4497278°E / 33.5106008; 35.4497278	Mount Lebanon	South and Beqaa
Jabal Amel				Mount Lebanon	Nabatieh
Aarid Maql Saab	1462		34°29′29″N 36°16′33″E		North

See also

• List of rivers of Lebanon

Notes

1. Also Sapanu,^[9] Zaphon.^[10]

References

Citations

1. Kehdy 2023, p. 94.
2. Central Administration of Statistics, Lebanon 2008, p. 1.
3. Awad 2019.
4. Kehdy 2023, p. 87.
5. Machaka-Houri & Houri 2012, p. 117.
6. al-Musa 2012.
7. Collelo 1987, p. 44.
8. Abuzayd 2003.
9. Pardee 2000, p. 1200.
10. Krahmalkov 2000, pp. 419–420.
11. UNESCO 2012.

Sources

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• Kehdy, Naji (2023). "Slope's similarity of the Eastern and the Western steeps of the two Lebanese mountain ranges" (PDF). Études Universitaires en Littératures et Sciences Humaines. 13. Beirut: Lebanese University: 85–100. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2023.
• Krahmalkov, Charles Richard (2000). Phoenician-Punic dictionary. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-0770-6.
• Koussa, Karim El (1998). Blooming Planes: A Quest for a Historical and Spritiual Identity. p. 82.
• Machaka-Houri, Nisrine; Houri, Ahmad (2012). "Impact of global warming on Eastern Mediterranean high altitude plant biodiversity". In Efe, Recep; Ghazanfar, Shahina; Ozturk, Munir (eds.). Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-3803-0.
• Pardee, Dennis (2000). Les textes rituels en 2 volumes (in French). Paris: Etudes et Recherche sur les Civilisations. ISBN 978-2-86538-276-7.
• Sanlaville, Paul (1969). "La personnalité géographique du Liban" [Lebanon's geographical personality]. Géocarrefour (in French). 44 (4): 375–394. doi:10.3406/geoca.1969.2648.
• UNESCO (2012). "Jabal Al Rihane | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2023.