List of rulers of Bhutan

Bhutan was founded and unified as a country by Ngawang Namgyal, 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche in the mid–17th century. After his death in 1651, Bhutan nominally followed his recommended "dual system of government". Under the dual system, government control was split between a secular leader, the Druk Desi (འབྲུག་སྡེ་སྲིད་, a.k.a. Deb Raja);^{[nb 1]} and a religious leader, the Je Khenpo (རྗེ་མཁན་པོ་).

King of Bhutan
Emblem of Bhutan
Incumbent
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck since 9 December 2006
5th Dragon King (Druk Gyalpo)
Details
Style	His Majesty
Heir presumptive	Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck
First monarch	Ugyen Wangchuck
Formation	17 December 1907
Residence	Samteling Palace, Thimphu

Both the Druk Desi and Je Khenpo were under the nominal authority of the Zhabdrung Rinpoche, a reincarnation of Ngawang Namgyal. In practice however, the Zhabdrung was often a child under the control of the Druk Desi, and regional penlops often administered their districts in defiance of the power of the Druk Desis until the rise of the unified Wangchuck dynasty in 1907.^[1]

Since the rise of the unified Wangchuck family in 1907, the Druk Gyalpo (འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་པོ་; lit. "Dragon King") have been the head of state of the Kingdom of Bhutan.

Druk Desis (1650–1905)

Main article: Druk Desi

Below appears the list of Druk Desis throughout the existence of the office. Officeholders were initially appointed by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, though after his death the Je Khenpo and civil government decided appointments.

Italics indicate coregencies and caretaker governments, which are not traditionally separately numbered.

A photo of the 54th Druk Desi, Choley Yeshe Ngodub.

Druk Desis of Bhutan^[2]

No.	Name	Date of Birth	Reign start	Reign end	Date of Death
1	Tenzin Drukgye	1591	1650	1655	1655
2	Langonpa Tenzin Drukdra		1655	1667	1667
3	Chhogyel Minjur Tempa	1613	1667	1680	1680
4	Gyalsey Tenzin Rabgye	1638	1680	1694	1696
5	Gedun Chomphel		1695	1701	1701
6	Ngawang Tshering		1701	1704
7	Umze Peljor		1704	1707	1707
8	Druk Rabgye		1707	1719	1729
9	Ngawang Gyamtsho		1719	1729	1729
10	Mipham Wangpo		1729	1736
11	Khuwo Peljor		1736	1739
12	Ngawang Gyaltshen		1739	1744
13	Sherab Wangchuk		1744	1763
14	Druk Phuntsho		1763	1765
15	Wangzob Druk Tenzin I		1765	1768
16	Sonam Lhundub[3][table 1]		1768	1773	1773
17	Kunga Rinchen		1773	1776
18	Jigme Singye	1742	1776	1788	1789
19	Druk Tenzin		1788	1792
20	Umzey Chapchhab		1792	1792	1792
21	Chhogyel Sonam Gyaltshen (Tashi Namgyel)		1792	1799
22	Druk Namgyel		1799	1803
23	Chhogyel Sonam Gyaltshen (Tashi Namgyel) (2nd reign)		1803	1805
24	Sangye Tenzin		1805	1806
25	Umzey Parob		1806	1808
26	Byop Chhyoda		1807	1808
27	Tulku Tsulthrim Daba	1790	1809	1810	1820
28	Zhabdrung Thutul (Jigme Dragpa)		1810	1811
29	Chholay Yeshey Gyaltshen	1781	1811	1815	1830
30	Tshaphu Dorji Namgyel		1815	1815
31	Sonam Drugyel		1815	1819
32	Gongzim Tenzin Drukda		1819	1823
33	Chhoki Gyaltshen		1823	1831
34	Dorji Namgyal		1831	1832
35	Adab Thinley		1832	1835
36	Chhoki Gyaltshen (2nd reign)		1835	1838
37	Dorji Norbu		1838	1850
38	Wangchuk Gyalpo		1850	1850
39	Zhabdrung Thutul (Jigme Norbu) (in Thimphu)		1850	1852
	Chagpa Sangye (in Punakha)		1851	1852
40	Damchho Lhundrup		1852	1854
41	Jamtul Jamyang Tenzin		1854	1856
42	Kunga Palden (in Punakha)		1856	1860
	Sherab Tharchin (in Thimphu)		1856	1860
43	Phuntsho Namgyel (Nazi Pasang)		1860	1863
44	Tshewang Sithub		1863	1864
	Tsulthrim Yonten		1864	1864
45	Kagyud Wangchuk		1864	1864
46	Tshewang Sithub (2nd reign)		1865	1867
47	Tsondul Pekar		1867	1870
48	Jigme Namgyel	1825	1870	1873	1881
49	Kitshab Dorji Namgyel		1873	1879
	Jigme Namgyel (2nd reign)		1877	1878
	Kitshab Dorji Namgyel (2nd reign)		1878	1879
50	Chhogyel Zangpo		March 1879	June 1880	1880
	Jigme Namgyel (3rd reign)		June 1880	July 1881
51	Lam Tshewang	1836	July 1881	May 1883	1883
52	Gawa Zangpo		May 1883	August 1885
53	Sangay Dorji		1885	1901	1901
54	Choley Yeshe Ngodub	1851	1903	1905	1917
Notes: Druk Desi Sonam Lhundub was the first Bhutanese ruler to confront British power, losing in a power bid in Cooch Behar, a traditional Bhutanese dependency.

Kings of Bhutan (1907–present)

Main articles: King of Bhutan and Wangchuck dynasty

The Bhutanese monarchy was established on 17 December 1907, unifying the country under the control of the Wangchuck dynasty, hereditary penlops (governors) of Trongsa Province. The King of Bhutan, formally known as the Druk Gyalpo ("Dragon King"), also occupies the office of Druk Desi under the dual system of government. Since the enactment of the Constitution of 2008, the Druk Gyalpo has remained head of state, while the Prime Minister of Bhutan acts as executive and head of government in a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy.^[4]

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
Ugyen 1st Druk Gyalpo ཨོ་རྒྱན་དབང་ཕྱུག	(1862-06-11)11 June 1862 – 26 August 1926(1926-08-26) (aged 64)	17 December 1907	26 August 1926	Son of Jigme Namgyal	Wangchuck
Jigme 2nd Druk Gyalpo འཇིགས་མེད་དབང་ཕྱུག	1905 – 30 March 1952 (aged 47)	26 August 1926	30 March 1952	Son of Ugyen	Wangchuck
Jigme Dorji 3rd Druk Gyalpo འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་པོ་ འཇིགས་མེད་རྡོ་རྗེ་དབང་ཕྱུག་མཆོག་	(1928-05-02)2 May 1928 – 21 July 1972(1972-07-21) (aged 44)	30 March 1952	21 July 1972	Son of Jigme	Wangchuck
Jigme Singye 4th Druk Gyalpo འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག་	(1955-11-11) 11 November 1955 (age 68)	21 July 1972	9 December 2006 (abdicated)	Son of Jigme Dorji	Wangchuck
Jigme Khesar Namgyel 5th Druk Gyalpo འཇིགས་མེད་གེ་སར་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་དབང་ཕྱུག་	(1980-02-21) 21 February 1980 (age 44)	9 December 2006	Incumbent	Son of Jigme Singye	Wangchuck

Timeline

See also

• Dual system of government
• Druk Gyaltsuen
• Constitution of Bhutan
• History of Bhutan

Notes

1. The original title is སྡེ་སྲིད་ཕྱག་མཛོད་; desi chhak zod.

References

1. Worden, Robert L.; Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.) (1991). "Chapter 6 – Bhutan: Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728". Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies (3rd ed.). Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0777-1. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
2. Dorji, C. T. (1995). A Political & Religious History of Bhutan, 1651–1906. Delhi, India: Sangay Xam; Prominent Publishers. ISBN 9788186239032.
3. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Civil Conflict, 1728–72.
4. "The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan" (PDF). Government of Bhutan. 18 July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2010.

Further reading

• Petech, Luciano (1972). The Rulers of Bhutan c. 1650–1750. Oriens Extremus. Vol. 19. Hamburg: Zeitschrift für Sprache, Kunst und Kultur der Länder des Fernen Ostens. pp. 203–213.
• Dorji, C. T. (1997). Blue annals of Bhutan. Vikas. ISBN 9788125904366.
• Truhart, Peter (1985). Regents of nations: systematic chronology of states and their political representatives in past and present. Regents of Nations: Systematic Chronology of States and Their Political Representatives in Past and Present : a Biographical Reference Book, Peter Truhart. Vol. 2. Saur. pp. 1005 et seq. ISBN 3-598-10493-6.
• Dorji, C. T. (2004). Sources of Bhutanese history. Prominent Publishers. pp. 330 et seq. ISBN 81-86239-16-2.
• Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1910). India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904. J. Murray.