Manuel John Johnson

For other people named Manuel Johnson, see Manuel Johnson (disambiguation).

Manuel John Johnson, FRS (23 May 1805 – 28 February 1859) was a British astronomer.^[1]

He was born in Macao, China, the son of John William Roberts of the East India Company and was educated at Mr Styles' Classical Academy in Thames Ditton and at the Addiscombe Military Seminary for service in the East India Company (the HEIC).^[2]

In 1823 he was sent by the HEIC to St Helena, where from 1826 he supervised the building of the Ladder Hill Observatory. He travelled twice to South Africa to consult with Fearon Fallows on the design of the observatory.^[3] In 1828 he was made Superintendent of the Observatory. In 1835 he published A Catalogue of 606 Principal Fixed Stars in the Southern Hemisphere... at St. Helena, for which he won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society that same year.^[4] While comparing his results with those of Nicolas Louis de Lacaille he noted the high proper motion of Alpha Centauri^[5] and communicated these to Thomas Henderson at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope. This led to the first successful measurement of a stellar parallax, though not to the first publication thereof.^[6]

On his return to the UK in 1833 he went up to Magdalen Hall, Oxford, graduating MA in 1839. He then served as director of the Radcliffe Observatory from 1839 until his death in Oxford in 1859. He introduced there self-registering meteorological instruments to continuously record variations in atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and atmospheric electricity using the recent invention of photography. The initial instruments were invented and installed by Francis Ronalds, Honorary Director of the Kew Observatory.^[7][8] The Radcliffe Observatory later became part of the network of observing stations established as part of the new Meteorological Office and coordinated from Kew.

Johnson was president of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1855–1857^[9] and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1856.

In 1850 he had married Caroline, the daughter of Dr James Ogle.

Notes

1. "Johnson, Manuel John" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
2. "DServe Archive Persons Show".
3. Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
4. http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=7&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27johnson%27%29%5B%5D
5. Warner, Brian (1982). "Manuel Johnson and the St. Helena Observatory". Vistas in Astronomy. 25 (3): 383–409. Bibcode:1981VA.....25..383W. doi:10.1016/0083-6656(81)90065-9.
6. Glass, I.S. (2008). Proxima, The Nearest Star (Other than the Sun). Mons Mensa.
7. Ronalds, B.F. (2016). Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4.
8. Ronalds, B.F. (2016). "The Beginnings of Continuous Scientific Recording using Photography: Sir Francis Ronalds' Contribution". European Society for the History of Photography. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
9. "LIST OF PRESIDENTS AND DATES OF OFFICE". Past RAS Presidents. Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved 23 May 2021.

References

• Obituary, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 20, 1860, p.123
• Johnson; Manuel John (1805 - 1859) - Past Fellows, Royal Society
• Grave of Manuel Johnson in St Sepulchre's Cemetery, Oxford, with biography
• Obituary: "The Late Radcliffe Observer", The Times, 4 March, 1859, p5.