Ocean
Body of salt water covering the majority of Earth / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The ocean (also known as the sea or the world ocean) is a body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of the Earth and contains 97% of Earth's water.[10] The term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided.[11] Distinct names are used to identify five different areas of the ocean: Pacific (the largest), Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic (the smallest).[12][13] Seawater covers approximately 361,000,000 km2 (139,000,000 sq mi) of the planet. The ocean is the primary component of the Earth's hydrosphere, and thus essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir.
| World Ocean | |
|---|---|
 Map of Earth centered on its ocean, showing the different ocean divisions ... showing its thermohaline water circulation | |
| Coordinates | Center:
|
| Basin countries | List of countries by length of coastline |
| Surface area | 361,000,000 km2 (139,382,879 sq mi) (71% of Earth's surface area)[2] |
| Average depth | 3.688 km (2 mi)[3] |
| Max. depth | Deepest point:
|
| Water volume | 1,370,000,000 km3 (328,680,479 cu mi)[2] (97.5% of Earth's water) |
| Shore length1 | Low interval calculation:
High interval calculation:
|
| Max. temperature | |
| Min. temperature | |
| Islands | List of islands |
| Sections/sub-basins | Main divisions:
Other divisions: |
| Trenches | List of oceanic trenches |
| Settlements | List of ports |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
Oceanographers split the ocean into vertical and horizontal zones based on physical and biological conditions. The pelagic zone is the open ocean's water column from the surface to the ocean floor. The water column is further divided into zones based on depth and the amount of light present. The photic zone includes all water from the surface to 1% of the surface light depth (approximately 200 m in the open ocean), where photosynthesis can occur. In this process plants and microscopic algae (free floating phytoplankton) use light, water, carbon dioxide, and nutrients to produce organic matter. As a result, the photic zone is the most biodiverse and the source of the food supply which sustains most of the ocean ecosystem. Ocean photosynthesis also produces half of the oxygen in the earth's atmosphere.[14] Light can only penetrate a few hundred more meters; the rest of the ocean is cold and dark. The continental shelf where the ocean meets dry land is more shallow, with a depth of a few hundred meters or less.
Ocean temperatures depend on the amount of solar radiation reaching the ocean surface. In the tropics, surface temperatures can rise to over 30 °C (86 °F). Near the poles where sea ice forms, the temperature in equilibrium is about −2 °C (28 °F). In all parts of the ocean, deep ocean temperatures range between −2 °C (28 °F) and 5 °C (41 °F).[15] Constant circulation of water in the ocean creates ocean currents. These directed movements of seawater are caused by forces operating on the water, such as temperature variations, atmospheric circulation (wind), the Coriolis effect and salinity changes.[16] Tides create tidal currents, while wind and waves cause surface currents. The Gulf Stream, Kuroshio Current, Agulhas Current and Antarctic Circumpolar Current are all major ocean currents. Currents transport massive amounts of water and heat around the world. By transporting these pollutants from the surface into the deep ocean, this circulation impacts global climate and the uptake and redistribution of pollutants such as carbon dioxide.
Ocean water contains a high concentration of dissolved gases, including oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. This gas exchange occurs at the ocean's surface and solubility depends on the temperature and salinity of the water.[17] The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to fossil fuel combustion causes higher amounts in ocean water, resulting in ocean acidification.[18] The ocean provides crucial environmental services to mankind, including climate regulation. It also provides a means of trade and transport as well as access to food and other resources. It is known to be the habitat of over 230,000 species, but may hold considerably more – perhaps over two million species.[19] However, the ocean is subject to numerous human-caused environmental threats, including marine pollution, overfishing, and effects of climate change on oceans, such as ocean warming, ocean acidification, sea level rise among others. The continental shelf and coastal waters most affected by human activity are particularly vulnerable.