Mudanjiang

For other uses, see Mudanjiang (disambiguation).

Mudanjiang (Chinese: 牡丹江; pinyin: Mǔdānjiāng; Manchu: Mudan bira), alternately romanized as Mutankiang, is a prefecture-level city in the southeast part of Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. It was called Botankou under Japanese occupation. It serves as a regional transport hub with a railway junction and an international airport connecting with several major Chinese cities as well as Incheon International Airport serving Seoul. Mudanjiang is located 248 km (154 mi) from Vladivostok, Russia. In 2011, Mudanjiang had a GDP of RMB 93.48 billion with a 15.1% growth rate. In 2015, Mudanjiang had a GDP of RMB 118.63 billion.^[2]

Mudanjiang 牡丹江市 Mutankiang
Prefecture-level city
Night view of the city.
Location of Mudanjiang City (yellow) in Heilongjiang (light gray)
Mudanjiang Location of the city center in Heilongjiang Show map of Heilongjiang Mudanjiang Mudanjiang (China) Show map of China
Coordinates (Mudanjiang municipal government): 44°33′05″N 129°37′58″E
Country	China
Province	Heilongjiang
County-level divisions	10
Named for	Mudan River
Municipal seat	Dong'an District
Government
• Type	Prefecture-level city
• CPC Mudanjiang Secretary	Zhang Jingchuan (张晶川)
• Mayor	Lin Kuanhai (林宽海)
Area
• Prefecture-level city	40,233 km2 (15,534 sq mi)
• Urban	2,495 km2 (963 sq mi)
• Metro	2,495 km2 (963 sq mi)
Elevation	233 m (764 ft)
Population  (2020 census)[1]
• Prefecture-level city	2,290,208
• Density	57/km2 (150/sq mi)
• Urban	930,015
• Urban density	370/km2 (970/sq mi)
• Metro	930,105
• Metro density	370/km2 (970/sq mi)
GDP
• Prefecture-level city	CN¥ 131 billion US$ 21 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 49,876 US$ 8,008
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code	157000
Area code	453
ISO 3166 code	CN-HL-10
Licence plates	黑C
Website	www.mudanjiang.gov.cn

Mudanjiang
"Mudanjiang", as written in Chinese
Chinese name
Chinese	牡丹江
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Mǔdānjiāng
Manchu name
Manchu script	ᠮᡠᡩ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ
Romanization	Mudan bira hoton
Russian name
Russian	Муданьцзян

As of the 2020 census Mudanjiang had a population of 2,290,208, of whom 930,051 lived in the 4 urban districts comprising the built-up area of the city. In 2007, the city was listed as one of China's top ten livable cities by Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at the 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.^[3]

Administrative divisions

Map
Dong'an Yangming Aimin Xi'an Linkou County Suifenhe (city) Hailin (city) Ning'an (city) Muling (city) Dongning (city)
#	Name	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2003 est.)	Area (km2)	Density (/km2)
1	Aimin District	爱民区	Àimín Qū	230,000	359	641
2	Dong'an District	东安区	Dōng'ān Qū	180,000	566	318
3	Yangming District	阳明区	Yángmíng Qū	160,000	358	447
4	Xi'an District	西安区	Xī'ān Qū	210,000	325	646
5	Muling City	穆棱市	Mùlíng Shì	330,000	6,094	54
6	Suifenhe City	绥芬河市	Suífēnhé Shi	60,000	427	141
7	Hailin City	海林市	Hǎilín Shì	440,000	9,877	45
8	Ning'an City	宁安市	Níng'ān Shì	440,000	7,870	56
9	Dongning City	东宁市	Dōngníng Shì	210,000	7,368	29
10	Linkou County	林口县	Línkǒu Xiàn	450,000	7,191	63

History

• 
  Mudanjiang Railway Station during the 1900s
• 
  Ginza street of Mudanjiang, 1942
• 
  Mudanjiang (labeled as MU-TAN-CHIANG), 1950s

Mudanjiang was originally populated by the Sushen 2,300 years ago. They lived in the valley of the Mudan River, and established the State of Mo (貊國).^[4] During the Tang dynasty, Balhae established their Upper capital Longquan Fu (Yongcheon bu) near Lake Jingpo south of Mudanjiang around 755 AD. On January 14, 926, Yongcheon fell while Balhae was defeated by the Khitans.^[5][6]

Mudanjiang is named after the eponymous Mudan River (literally, "Peony River") flowing through it. Imperial Russia built a train station for the Chinese Eastern Railway in Mudanjiang in 1903, after which local development started boosting. Both Chinese and Russian settlers established themselves here. Mudanjiang was little more than a large village until the 1920s. By that time, Mudanjiang was strongly overshadowed by the nearby county town of Ningan (Former Ninguta).^[7] However, merchants from several countries including France, Russia, Britain and Denmark set up sub-agencies in Mudanjiang during this period, which led the trade area of the city to a rapid expansion.

After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, the whole Manchuria was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident. Mudanjiang experienced a substantial growth in the 1930s under the Japanese occupation. Mudanjiang also became a military and administrative center going by the name Botankou, particularly after the railway from Tumen to Jiamusi was constructed in 1933. By that time several light industries including light engineering, lumbering, and food processing was established in the town. On December 1, 1937, Botankou City was established by the Manchukuo government, administering five counties. On October 15, 1938, Japanese Government set up a consulate in Botankou and promoted Botankou as a municipality directly under the Manchukuo Government. As Manchukuo collapsed, Mudanjiang was captured by the Soviet Army on August 16, 1945.^[8]

Mudanjiang was controlled by the Communist forces and became the capital of Songjiang Province in 1948. However, after Songjiang Province was merged into Heilongjiang Province on June 19, 1954, Mudanjiang was reduced to a prefecture-level city. The historic Beishan Stadium is located in the city. The 15,000-capacity stadium is used mostly for association football matches.

Geography

Mudanjiang
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     6.6     −10 −22     5.5     −5 −17     13     3 −9     26     14 1     58     21 8     85     26 14     137     28 18     122     27 17     55     22 9     31     13 1     14     1 −9     8     −8 −18 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: CMA [9]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.3     14 −7     0.2     24 1     0.5     38 17     1     58 34     2.3     70 46     3.4     78 57     5.4     82 64     4.8     81 63     2.2     71 49     1.2     56 33     0.5     35 16     0.3     18 0 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Map including Mudanjiang (labeled as MU-TAN-CHIANG (partially destroyed)) (AMS, 1955)

Mudanjiang, spanning from 128° 02' to 131° 18' E longitude and 43° 24' to 45° 59' N latitude, is located in southeastern Heilongjiang province. It is also the province's southernmost prefecture. Neighboring prefectures are:

• Harbin (W)
• Jixi (NE)
• Qitaihe (N)
• Yanbian, Jilin (S)

It also borders Russia's Primorsky Krai to the east. The average elevation in the prefecture is 230 meters (755 ft), with the terrain primarily consisting of mountains and hills. The east of the prefecture begins to ascend to the Changbai Mountains, while the central parts belong to the Hegu Basin. The lowest part of the prefecture is Suifenhe City, bordering Russia, at a minimum elevation of 86.5 meters (283.8 ft), while the highest point is Zhangguangcai mountain, at 1,686.9 meters (5,534 ft).

Climate

Mudanjiang features a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) with hot, humid summers and very cold and dry winters; spring and autumn are brief. However, winter temperatures here are far warmer than much of the rest of the province, and the city's basin location helps protect it from biting winds. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −16.7 °C (1.9 °F) in January to 22.3 °C (72.1 °F) in July; the annual mean is 4.78 °C (40.6 °F). Close to three-fifths of the annual rainfall occurs from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 46% in July to 62% in February and March, the city receives 2,368 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −35.1 °C (−31 °F) to 38.4 °C (101 °F).

Climate data for Mudanjiang, elevation 306 m (1,004 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	3.5 (38.3)	11.5 (52.7)	19.5 (67.1)	30.3 (86.5)	33.4 (92.1)	37.9 (100.2)	38.4 (101.1)	36.0 (96.8)	31.0 (87.8)	27.3 (81.1)	19.5 (67.1)	8.9 (48.0)	38.4 (101.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−10.0 (14.0)	−4.3 (24.3)	3.7 (38.7)	14.0 (57.2)	21.2 (70.2)	26.1 (79.0)	28.3 (82.9)	27.0 (80.6)	22.0 (71.6)	13.4 (56.1)	1.4 (34.5)	−8.0 (17.6)	11.2 (52.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−16.3 (2.7)	−11.3 (11.7)	−2.4 (27.7)	7.3 (45.1)	14.5 (58.1)	19.8 (67.6)	22.7 (72.9)	21.3 (70.3)	15.1 (59.2)	6.5 (43.7)	−4.2 (24.4)	−13.6 (7.5)	4.9 (40.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−21.4 (−6.5)	−17.2 (1.0)	−8.1 (17.4)	1.1 (34.0)	8.3 (46.9)	14.3 (57.7)	18.0 (64.4)	16.9 (62.4)	9.5 (49.1)	0.8 (33.4)	−8.8 (16.2)	−18.1 (−0.6)	−0.4 (31.3)
Record low °C (°F)	−35.3 (−31.5)	−35.3 (−31.5)	−23.5 (−10.3)	−9.7 (14.5)	−2.5 (27.5)	5.8 (42.4)	11.2 (52.2)	7.1 (44.8)	−2.1 (28.2)	−13.4 (7.9)	−25.2 (−13.4)	−32.0 (−25.6)	−35.3 (−31.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	6.7 (0.26)	5.5 (0.22)	14.8 (0.58)	28.0 (1.10)	64.5 (2.54)	83.5 (3.29)	130.8 (5.15)	122.8 (4.83)	58.7 (2.31)	33.6 (1.32)	20.5 (0.81)	7.7 (0.30)	577.1 (22.71)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	4.7	4.2	7.1	8.3	13.7	15.3	13.9	14.1	10.3	8.0	6.6	5.9	112.1
Average snowy days	7.9	7.2	9.3	4.0	0.1	0	0	0	0.1	2.4	8.1	9.5	48.6
Average relative humidity (%)	67	61	56	52	58	67	74	77	73	65	65	67	65
Mean monthly sunshine hours	157.9	182.4	211.3	203.0	221.1	220.4	207.8	193.8	211.1	188.5	148.5	142.5	2,288.3
Percent possible sunshine	55	62	57	50	48	48	45	45	57	56	52	52	52
Source: China Meteorological Administration[9][10][11]

Economy

In 2010, the city's GDP rose 18.5% to RMB 78.1 billion, ranked fourth in Heilongjiang Province after Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar.^[12] Tourist industry and light manufacturing are the mainstays of Mudanjiang's economy. Mudanjiang's pillar industries include accessory industry for automobiles, paper making, forest industry, petrochemicals, new materials, pharmacy and energy industry.^[13] The foreign trade value increased 71.8% to US$9 billion in 2010, making up three-fourths of Heilongjiang Province's gross.

Development zones

• Mudanjiang to Russia Economic and Technological Development Zone
• Sino-Russian Information Industrial Garden
• Mudanjiang Jiangnan Economic and Technological Development Area
• Mudanjiang Bioindustry Development Zone
• Heilongjiang Northern Pharmaceutical Technological Development Zone

Transport

Railway

Mudanjiang railway station, lunar new year 2008

Mudanjiang is a railway hub in eastern Heilongjiang Province. Binsui (Harbin-Suifenhe) Railway and Tujia (Tumen-Jiamusi) Railway meet here. Trains from Mudanjiang Railway Station connect the city with Beijing, Jinan, Dalian, Harbin, Changchun and several other cities in China.

Air

Main article: Mudanjiang Hailang International Airport

Mudanjiang Hailang International Airport is the second largest international airport in Heilongjiang Province. It operates daily flights to Beijing, Dalian and several other major cities in China. In addition there are also scheduled international flights between Mudanjiang and Seoul and Incheon in South Korea.

Highway

Mudanjiang is linked to the national highway network through the G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway and G10 Suifenhe-Manzhouli Expressway.

Education

Mudanjiang Normal University is a provincial higher education institution in Heilongjiang Province. The predecessor of the college is the Nenjiang Branch of Northeast Agricultural College. It was founded in September 1958 and was closed in 1964. The Bei'an Teachers' College was established on the basis of the closed Nenjiang branch. The State Council approved in January 1965. In 1964, Bei'an Normal College moved to the original Ning'an County Breeding Farm, renamed Ning'an Teachers' College of Heilongjiang Province. It was approved by the Heilongjiang Provincial Revolutionary Committee in December 1970 and expanded into Mudanjiang Teachers College. The school has now developed into a master's degree. Full-time undergraduate students, international students, adult education, and other comprehensive teachers' colleges with more than 22,000 students. The school covers an area of 1.05 million square meters, and the school building area is nearly 390,000 square meters. It is a provincial-level garden-style unit. The school recruits students nationwide and now has 15 secondary colleges. In 2015, Mudanjiang Teachers College will be renamed Normal University. On February 26, 2023, Soft Science 2023 "China's Best University Ranking" was released, and Mudanjiang Teachers College ranked 459.^[14]

Mudanjiang University was founded in 1983 and is the first batch of 100 local universities in the country. The school consists of three parts: the school headquarters, the Hailin campus and the industrial park training base. It covers an area of 500,000 square meters and a building area of 186,000 square meters. The total value of fixed assets is 450 million yuan, the total value of teaching equipment is 90 million yuan, and the library has 644,800 books. At present, there are more than 10,000 students in the school, 10 secondary schools and 43 majors. Among them, there are 2 key construction majors supported by the central government and 6 key construction majors supported by the provincial finance. The school is well equipped and the school conditions are good. There are 104 on-campus laboratories and training bases, and 125 off-campus training bases. The major in mechatronics, animation design and production, and computer information security storage was identified by the Ministry of Education as a national backbone teacher training base.^[15] Mudanjiang No. 1 High School, referred to as Mudanjiang Yizhong, is located in Mudanjiang City, southeast of Heilongjiang Province, and is the first demonstration high school in Heilongjiang Province. Founded in September 1945, it was originally named Mudanjiang Municipal High School; in 2001, it was renamed Mudanjiang No. 1 High School; in September 2007, the school moved to the new campus as a whole. The new campus covers an area of 218,000 square meters and the construction area is 9.3. 10,000 square meters, green area of 73,000 square meters, sports area of 70,000 square meters. In 2009, it was awarded the National 100 High School Construction Project Experimental School; in 2011, it was identified as a pilot school for provincial science projects. As of February 2015, there were 359 faculty members, 123 teachers with master's degree, 8 special teachers, 144 senior teachers, 107 national, provincial and municipal academic leaders and backbone teachers, and more than 5,200 students.^[16]

International relations

Mudanjiang is twinned with:

• Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai, Russia
• Municipality of Mosman, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
• , Paju, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
• Ōtsu, Shiga, Japan
• Jyväskylä, Finland
• Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany

• 
  Walking along the Mudan River
• 
  Monument to the women fallen in war
• 
  The main street of the city
• 
  Panoramic view on the river

Notable people

• Zhang Jiamei (born 1957), Secretary of the Party Branch and Principal of the Huaping Girls' Senior High School in Lijiang

References

1. "China: Hēilóngjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
2. 2015年黑龙江各市GDP和人均GDP排名_中国排行网. phbang.cn.
3. "China's Top 10 Most Livable Cities". hnloudi.gov.cn. Hunan Loudi Official Government. 2012-03-28. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
4. "Several Problems about the History of Ancient Northeast". DU Xing-zhi(School of History,Culture and Tourism,Liaoning Normal University,Dalian,Liaoning,116029,China). 2006. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
5. (in Korean) "Sanggyeong Yongcheonbu", Naver encyclopedia
6. (in Korean) "Dongjingcheng site", Naver encyclopedia
7. 牡丹江旅游局 [Mudanjiang Bureau of Tourism] (1990). 雪城牡丹江. 中国旅游出版社 [China Tourism Press]. ISBN 978-7-5032-2302-0.
8. LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas.
9. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
10. "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
11. 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
12. 2010年牡丹江市国民经济和社会发展统计公报. Heilongjiang Province People's Government. 2011-03-11. Archived from the original on 2011-10-25. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
13. Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks
14. 2020 中国大学排名: 牡丹江师范学院
15. Mudanjiang University Website
16. 生命科学学院2023年招生宣传工作系列报道（六）—牡丹江市第一高级中学

Further reading

• Jasper, Clint (July 14, 2015). "China is building a 100,000-cow dairy farm to supply Russia with milk, but one expert doubts it will end up that big". ABC Rural. Retrieved August 20, 2017.

External links

• https://web.archive.org/web/20110813100439/http://ch-info.erina.or.jp/English/He/Mudan/mudanjiang.htm
• http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/50995.htm