Penstemon
Genus of plants / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Penstemon /ˈpɛnstɪmən/,[1] the beardtongues, is a large genus of roughly 280 species of flowering plants native mostly to the Nearctic, but with a few species also found in the North American portion of the Neotropics.[2] It is the largest genus of flowering plants endemic to North America.[3][4] Formerly placed in the family Scrophulariaceae by the Cronquist system, new genetic research has placed it in the vastly expanded family Plantaginaceae.[5][6]
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| Penstemon | |
|---|---|
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| Penstemon palmeri | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Tribe: | Cheloneae |
| Genus: | Penstemon Schmidel |
| Species | |
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See text. | |
They have opposite leaves,[7] partly tube-shaped, and two-lipped flowers and seed capsules. The most distinctive feature of the genus is the prominent staminode, an infertile stamen.[7] The staminode takes a variety of forms in the different species; while it is typically a long straight filament extending to the mouth of the corolla, some are longer and extremely hairy, giving the general appearance of an open mouth with a fuzzy tongue protruding and inspiring the common name beardtongue.[7]
Most penstemons form a durable woody stem (a caudex) and have persistent basal leaves, but some are fully deciduous perennials, the remainder being shrubs or subshrubs.[8]: 7 Heights can range from 10 cm to as much as 3 metres. Along with their variable growth forms the penstemons have highly variable leaves, often with differnet leaf shapes on different parts of the same plant. Some species have highly reduced needle like leaves and others broad and rounded leaves, with their texture also running the range of hairy to smooth/glaborous.[8]: 11 [9]: 38 In the view of penstemon expert Robert Nold the defining evolutionary characteristic of the genus is adaptation to drought, as demonstrated by their numbers and diversity in the interior west of North America.[9]: 53–54
The one Asiatic species previously treated in Penstemon is now placed in a separate genus Pennellianthus. This leaves Penstemon a mostly Nearctic genus, with a few neotropical species.[9]: 19 Although widespread across North America, and found in habitats ranging from open desert to moist forests, and up to the alpine zone,[8]: 7 they are not typically common within their range.