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Qajar dynasty

Iranian royal dynasty of Turkic origin (1789–1925) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Qajar dynasty
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This article is about the Iranian royal dynasty. For the country under its rule, see Qajar Iran.
"Qajars" redirects here. For other uses, see Qajar (disambiguation).

The Qajar dynasty (Persian: دودمان قاجار, romanized: Dudemâne Ǧâjâr)[a] is a formerly aristocratic (and from 1789-1925, royal) Iranian[1] dynasty that gained prominence in the early 16th century[2] as heads of the Turkoman Qajar tribe of the Qizilbash confederacy.[3] The dynasty ruled Iran from 1789 till 1925, upon the Unification of Iran (1779–1796) by Mohammad Khan Qajar (r. 1789–1797).

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The dynasty's effective rule in Iran ended in 1925 when Iran's Majlis, convening as a constituent assembly on 12 December 1925, declared Reza Shah, a former brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, as the new shah of Pahlavi Iran.


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Head of the Qajar tribe

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The last Ilkhan (head) of the Qajar tribe, Anoushirvan Khan Qajar (d.1866)[4]

The Qajar dynasty, as the ruling lineage, held prominent positions as tribal heads long before establishing imperial rule, leveraging their military prowess and tribal alliances to unify the country amid post-Safavid chaos.[5]

During the establishment of the Safavids. When Ismail led the 7,000 tribal soldiers on his successful expedition from Erzincan to Shirvan in 1500/1501, a contingent of Qajars was among them. After this, they emerged as a prominent group within the Qizilbash confederacy,[6] who were made up of Turkoman warriors and served as the main force of the Safavid military.[7] Despite being smaller than other tribes, the Qajars continued to play a major role in important events during the 16th century.[8]

The immediate ancestor of the Qajar monarchs, Shah Qoli Khan of the Quvanlu of Ganja, married into the Quvanlu Qajars of Astarabad. His son, Fath Ali Khan (born c. 1685–1693) was a renowned military commander during the rule of the Safavid shahs Sultan Husayn and Tahmasp II.[9] He was killed in 1726. Fath Ali Khan's son Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar (1722–1758) was the father of Mohammad Khan Qajar and Hossein Qoli Khan (Jahansouz Shah), father of "Baba Khan," the future Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. Mohammad Hasan Khan was killed on the orders of Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty.[10]

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List of Qajar monarchs

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Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar (1896-1907), the first constitutional monarch of Iran
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Qajar imperial family

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The Qajar Imperial Family in exile is currently headed by the eldest descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah, Sultan Mohammad Ali Mirza Qajar, while the Heir Presumptive to the Qajar throne is Mohammad Hassan Mirza II, the grandson of Mohammad Hassan Mirza, Sultan Ahmad Shah's brother and heir. Mohammad Hassan Mirza died in England in 1943, having proclaimed himself shah in exile in 1930 after the death of his brother in France.

Today, the descendants of the Qajars often identify themselves as such and hold reunions to stay socially acquainted through the Kadjar (Qajar) Family Association,[12] often coinciding with the annual conferences and meetings of the International Qajar Studies Association (IQSA). The Kadjar (Qajar) Family Association was founded for a third time in 2000. Two earlier family associations were stopped because of political pressure. The offices and archives of IQSA are housed at the International Museum for Family History in Eijsden.

Qajar dynasty since 1925

Heads of the Qajar Imperial Family

The headship of the Imperial Family is inherited by the eldest male descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah.

Heirs Presumptive of the Qajar dynasty

The Heir Presumptive is the Qajar heir to the Persian throne.

Extended Family

Titles and styles

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Naser al-Din Shah, the fourth Qajar shah, notably used the title "Pivot of the Universe" (Qebleh-ye Alam)[16]


The shah and his consort were styled Imperial Majesty. Their children were addressed as Imperial Highness, while male-line grandchildren were entitled to the lower style of Highness; all of them bore the title of Shahzadeh or Shahzadeh Khanoum.[17]

The Qajar Shahs also adopted grandiose titles that reflected their perceived divine authority and centrality in the Persian monarchy.[18][page needed] These titles were not merely honorific but served to legitimize their rule amidst internal and external challenges, blending pre-Islamic, Islamic-Shi’i, and nomadic elements of Persian governance.[19] Among these titles were;

  • Shahanshah of Iran
  • Zell'ollah (Shadow of God [on earth])
  • Qebleh-ye 'ālam (Pivot of the Universe)
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Notable members

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Politics
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Abdol Majid Mirza (1845–1927), 14th and 20th prime minister of Iran
Military

Religion

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Aga Khan IV, The titles of Prince and Princess are used by the Aga Khans and their children by virtue of their descent from Shah Fath Ali Shah of the Qajar dynasty. The title was officially recognised by the British government in 1938.[21]
Women's rights
  • Princess Taj-al-Saltaneh Qajar, daughter of Naser-din-Shah, co-founder of the first Iranian women's rights movement Anjoman Naswan, author of a memoir, painter
  • Princess Mohtaram Eskandari, intellectual and pioneering figures in Iranian women's movement.[22]
  • Iran Teymourtash (Légion d'honneur), journalist, editor and publisher of the newspaper Rastakhiz, founder of an association for helping destitute women. Daughter of court minister Abdolhossein Teymourtash and through both her maternal grandparents a Qajar.[23]
Literature

Princess Taj-al-Saltaneh Qajar, daughter of Naser-din-Shah, First Iranian woman to write a memoir, co-founder of the first Iranian women's rights movement Anjoman Naswan, author of a memoir, painter

  • Prince Iraj, Iranian poet and translator
  • Sadegh Hedayat, a Qajar descendant through the female line
  • Anvar Khamei, the Iranian economist, politician, and sociologist.
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Family tree

Main article: Qajar dynasty family tree

Mothers of Qajar Shahs

Main article: Mothers of Qajar Shahs

See also

Notes

  1. Also romanized as Ghajar, Kadjar, Qachar etc.

Citations

Sources

External links

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