Serbia and Montenegro

Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: Cрбија и Црна Гора, Srbija i Crna Gora), known until 2003 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbian: Савезна Република Југославија, Savezna Republika Jugoslavija), FR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia (Serbian: Југославија, Jugoslavija), was a country in Southeast Europe located in the Balkans that existed from 1992 to 2006, following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia). The country bordered Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Albania to the southwest. The state was founded on 27 April 1992 as a federation comprising the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro. In February 2003, it was transformed from a federal republic to a political union until Montenegro seceded from the union in June 2006, leading to the full independence of both Serbia and Montenegro.

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Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Савезна Република Југославија Savezna Republika Jugoslavija Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) Србија и Црна Гора Srbija i Crna Gora
1992–2006
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "Хеј, Словени" / "Hej, Sloveni" "Hey, Slavs"
Map of FR Yugoslavia (green) in 2003
Status	Sovereign state
Capital and largest city	Belgrade[a]
Official languages	Serbian[1]
Recognized languages	Albanian · Hungarian
Demonym(s)	Yugoslav (until 2003) Serbian · Montenegrin (from 2003)
Government	Federal parliamentary constitutional republic (1992–2003) Confederated constitutional republic with an executive presidency (2003–2006)
Head of state
• 1992–1993	Dobrica Ćosić
• 1993–1997	Zoran Lilić
• 1997–2000	Slobodan Milošević
• 2000–2003	Vojislav Koštunica
• 2003–2006	Svetozar Marović
Head of government
• 1992–1993	Milan Panić
• 1993–1998	Radoje Kontić
• 1998–2000	Momir Bulatović
• 2000–2001	Zoran Žižić
• 2001–2003	Dragiša Pešić
• 2003–2006	Svetozar Marović
Legislature	Federal Assembly
Historical era	Yugoslav Wars (1992–1999)
• Constitution adopted	27 April 1992
• Sanctions	1992–1995
• Kosovo War	1998–1999
• Bulldozer revolution	5 October 2000
• Admitted to the United Nations[b]	1 November 2000
• State Union	4 February 2003
• Independence of Montenegro	3 June 2006
• Independence of Serbia	5 June 2006
Area
• Total	102,173 km2 (39,449 sq mi)
Population
• 2006 estimate	10,832,545
GDP (PPP)	1995 estimate
• Total	$11.6 billion[2]
• Per capita	$2,650[2]
HDI (1996)	0.725[2] high · 87th
Currency	Serbia: Yugoslav dinar (1992–2003) Serbian dinar (2003–2006) Montenegro:[c] Yugoslav dinar (1992–2000) Deutsche Mark (1999–2002) Euro (2002–2006)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Driving side	Right
Calling code	+381
Internet TLD	.yu
Preceded by Succeeded by SFR Yugoslavia SR Serbia SR Montenegro Serbia Montenegro
Today part of	Serbia Montenegro
^ After 2003, no city was the official capital, but legislative and executive institutions remained located in Belgrade. Podgorica served as the seat of the Supreme Court. ^ Membership as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ^ The dinar and German mark had joint legal tender status in Montenegro in 1999 and 2000. N.B. Albanian parts of Kosovo have de facto used the mark since 1999 and the euro since 2002.

Its aspirations to be the sole legal successor state to SFR Yugoslavia were not recognized by the United Nations, following the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 777,[3] which affirmed that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had ceased to exist, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a new state. All former republics were entitled to state succession while none of them continued SFR Yugoslavia's international legal personality. However, the government of Slobodan Milošević opposed any such claims, and as such, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to join the United Nations.

Throughout its existence, FR Yugoslavia had a tense relationship with the international community, as economic sanctions[4] were issued against the state during the course of the Yugoslav Wars and Kosovo War. This also resulted in hyperinflation between 1992 and 1994.[5] FR Yugoslavia's involvement in the Yugoslav Wars ended with the Dayton Agreement, which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics.[6] Later on, growing separatism within the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, a region of Serbia heavily populated by ethnic Albanians, resulted in an insurrection by the Kosovo Liberation Army, an Albanian separatist group.[7][8] The outbreak of the Kosovo War reintroduced Western sanctions, as well as eventual Western involvement in the conflict. The conflict ended with the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, which guaranteed economic and political separation of Kosovo from FR Yugoslavia, to be placed under UN Administration.[9]

Economic hardship and war resulted in growing discontent with the government of Slobodan Milošević and his allies, who ran both Serbia and Montenegro as an effective dictatorship.[10] This would eventually cumulate in the Bulldozer revolution, which saw his government overthrown, and replaced by one led by the Democratic Opposition of Serbia and Vojislav Koštunica, which also joined the UN.[11][12]

The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ended in 2003 after the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia voted to enact the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro, which established the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. As such, the name Yugoslavia was consigned to history.[13] A growing independence movement in Montenegro, led by Milo Đukanović[14] meant that the Constitution of Serbia and Montenegro included a clause allowing for a referendum on the question of Montenegrin independence,[15] after a period of three years had passed. In 2006, the referendum was called, and passed,[16] by a narrow margin. This led to the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and the establishment of the independent republics of Serbia and Montenegro, turning Serbia into a landlocked country. This can be considered the last act which finalized the dissolution of Yugoslavia.[17]