Steve Russell (computer scientist)

Stephen Russell (born 1937),^[1] also nicknamed "Slug",^[1] is an American computer scientist most famous for creating Spacewar!, well known for being the first widely distributed video game.

Steve Russell
Russell in 2011
Born	Stephen Russell 1937 (age 86–87)[1] Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.
Other names	Slug
Alma mater	Dartmouth College
Known for	Spacewar! Lisp
Scientific career
Fields	Computer science
Institutions	MIT

Spacewar! on the Computer History Museum's PDP-1, 2007

Biography

Born in Hartford, Connecticut,^[1] Russell attended Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, from 1954 to 1958.

Russell wrote the first two implementations of the programming language Lisp for the IBM 704 mainframe computer. It was Russell who realized that the concept of universal functions could be applied to the language. By implementing the Lisp universal evaluator in a lower-level language, it became possible to create the Lisp interpreter; prior development work on the language had focused on compiling the language.^[2] He invented the continuation to solve a double recursion problem for one of the users of his Lisp implementation.^[3]

In 1962, Russell created and designed Spacewar!, with the fellow members of the Tech Model Railroad Club at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), working on a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-1 minicomputer.^[4][5][6] Spacewar! is widely considered to be the first digital video game^[7][8] and served as a foundation for the entire video game industry.^[9]

He later served as an executive of Computer Center Corporation (nicknamed C-Cubed), a small time-sharing company in Washington (state). In 1968, he mentored Bill Gates and Paul Allen on the use of the DEC PDP-10 mainframe, while they were part of the programming group of Lakeside School (Seattle).^[10][11]

See also

• Early history of video games

References

1. "Steve "Slug" Russell". PDP-1 Restoration Project. Computer History Museum. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
2. McCarthy, John (August 12, 1979). "The implementation of Lisp". History of Lisp. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
3. "Steve "Slug" Russell". Computer History.
4. Markoff, John (February 28, 2002). "A Long Time Ago, in a Lab Far Away…". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
5. "Spacewar!". PDP-1 Restoration Project. Computer History Museum. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
6. "Steve Russell". Computer History Museum. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
7. "Spacewar! Video Games Blast Off". Museum of the Moving Image. Entertainment Software Association. March 3, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
8. "The Great Videogame Swindle?". Next Generation. No. 23. Imagine Media. November 1996. pp. 64–66.
9. "Spacewar! – It Came from MIT". The Dot Eaters. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
10. Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators. Simon & Schuster UK. pp. Chapter 9. ISBN 978-1-47113-879-9.
11. Allen, Paul (2011). Idea Man. Penguin Group. pp. Chapters 3–4.

External links