User:Mr. Ibrahem/Methylphenidate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Methylphenidate, sold under the trade name Ritalin among others, is a stimulant medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.[1] It is a first line medication for ADHD.[1] It may be taken by mouth or applied to the skin.[1] Different formulations have varying durations of effect.[1]
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Pronunciation | /ˌmɛθəlˈfɛnɪdeɪt, -ˈfiː-/ |
Trade names | Ritalin, Concerta, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682188 |
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Pregnancy category |
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Dependence liability | High[1] |
Addiction liability | High[2] |
Routes of administration | By mouth, transdermal[1] |
Drug class | CNS stimulant |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | Approx. 30% (range: 11–52%) |
Protein binding | 10–33% |
Metabolism | Liver (80%) mostly CES1A1-mediated |
Elimination half-life | 2–3 hours[3] |
Excretion | Urine (90%) |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C14H19NO2 |
Molar mass | 233.31 g/mol |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Melting point | 74 °C (165 °F) [4] |
Boiling point | 136 °C (277 °F) [4] |
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Common side effects of methylphenidate include difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, anxiety, and weight loss.[1] More serious side effects may include psychosis, allergic reactions, prolonged erections, substance abuse, and heart problems.[1] Methylphenidate is believed to work by blocking dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake by neurons.[5][6] Methylphenidate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine and piperidine classes.[1][7]
Methylphenidate was first made in 1944 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1955.[1][8] It was originally sold by Swiss company CIBA, now Novartis Corporation.[8] It is estimated that in 2013, 2.4 billion doses of methylphenidate were taken worldwide.[9] In 2017, it was the 47th-most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 16 million prescriptions.[10][11] It is available as a generic medication.[1] In the United States, the wholesale cost of the immediate release formulation is less than US$0.30 per dose as of 2018.[12]